Vacuum Mechanics
A Realistic Theory of Everything (VRTE)
Nimit Theeraleekul B. Eng.
(Communication)
(1 June 2009)
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Abstract. Lacking of rational philosophical ideas (physical
models) which explain the mechanisms of the four main physics
theories (i.e. electromagnetic field, special relativity, general relativity
and quantum mechanics), physicists have failed to unify the four basic forces
of nature (electromagnetism, gravity, weak and strong force). Based on the new
concept of Vacuum mechanics (i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium) which acts
as the same one common mechanism for all natural phenomena, then a
simple and realistic theory of everything is possible to be achieved!
Content: 1) Introduction. 1.1) Why TOE
could not be found? 1.2) How and why physics is in trouble? 2) What wrong with physics’ theories? 2.1) Problem of Maxwell electromagnetic field
theory. 2.2) Problem of
special theory of relativity. 2.3) Problem of general theory of relativity. 2.4) Problem of quantum mechanics. 3) Reconsider vacuum space. 3.1) Vacuum medium -– the primordial substance. 3.2) Misinterpretation of aether. 3.3) Einstein & aether. 4) Origin
of matters. 4.1) Electron black hole mechanism. 4.2) Matter formation. 5) Vacuum
mechanics – the mechanism of vacuum medium. 5.1) Mechanism of electromagnetic
field.
5.2)
Mechanism of relativistic effect. 5.3) Mechanism
of gravity. 5.4) Mechanism of particle wave. 6) Vacuum mechanics a realistic theory of
everything. 6.1) TOE -- Unified field theory. 6.2) A Universe Made of Marble. 7) Solution to the troubles in physics. 7.1) Problem of unification of the particle and forces. 7.2) Problem of dark matter and energy. 7.3) Problem of quantum gravity. 7.4) Problem of standard model of particle physics. 7.5) Problem in the foundation of quantum mechanics. 8) Mass, Ether, and the Unification of
forces. 9) Seers from
outside. 10) Conclusion. 11) References.
1) Introduction. This is a simple and understandable
theory of everything (TOE). It was the fruitful product of the author’s
original article “Vacuum Mechanics a New Approach to the Theory of Everything” (VMTE), together with the four
expanding papers; “Completed Maxwell electromagnetic field theory” (CEMT), “Completed Einstein special theory of
relativity” (CSTR), “Completed Einstein
general theory of relativity” (CGTR) and “Completed Quantum mechanical theory” (CQMT)
respectively [1].
To modernize the story of this paper, we will relate it to the recent
two great scientific books: The first one is “The trouble in physics”
written by Lee Smolin, a founding member of the innovative Perimeter
Institute for Theoretical Physics. It is one of the popular books of this kind
which talking about “The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science
and What Comes Next”. And here, we will try to answer the five great problems
in physics (that prevent physicists from TOE and which was mentioned in the
book) by using Vacuum mechanics!
The second book is “The Lightness of Being (Mass, Ether, and the
Unification of forces)” written by Frank Wilczek, a Nobel Prize winner
in physics 2004. For me (the author), I found that it is the first best book
ever written by a top level physicist which accept the existence of (something
like) the Ether (Aether)! And here, we will compare it to our Vacuum
medium concept!
By the way, here is the acknowledgement for the authors of the
two books. And it was assumed that all readers have read them all. Anyway,
without reading them before, ones may be able to get some idea, but it is
advised to read them all for full understanding!
1.1) Why TOE could not be found? Let us start with Einstein’s idea to unified gravity
with electromagnetism via a five-dimensional theory which was explained in Lee
Smolin’s book, chapter 3 “The World As Geometry”. But Einstein could not
success for the theory until the end of his life. Beside Einstein’s
five-dimensional unified theory, several theories that involved extra
dimensions are invented. And the most popular one is of course, it is
string theory! Anyway, as we know none of them could success their goal.
For me, I am not so happy with any extra-dimension theory. Why nature
has to hide the extra dimensions? There should be a simple intuitive way for
her to build the universe and here, this article “Vacuum mechanics: A
realistic theory of everything” is one that we asked for! And also we will see
later that even Einstein’s dream via a five-dimensional theory mentioned above,
could be done with our familiar four-dimension. In VRTE, it is no
need for the fifth dimension (which has to curl up to a tiny piece in order
to hide from us) to unify gravity with electromagnetism. Instead, we just used
what which was called “condensed of vacuum medium space”, something
like a tiny black hole to do the job!
1.2) How and why physics is in trouble? Lee Smolin has told us (in the first chapter of his book) about the “the
Five Great Problems in Theoretical Physics” which is the core of our failure
to complete the present scientific revolution in physics. Of course no
one yet knows why and how it is being so; otherwise it is easy to find TOE.
Here we try to investigate and see what should be the cause of these
problems! Once we know the cause behind the problems, then we would find
the correct way to solve them without difficulty.
First let us start by considering the four main theories in physics, i.e.
Maxwell electromagnetic field theory (EMT), special theory of relativity (STR),
general theory of relativity (GTR) and quantum mechanical theory (QMT). And all
these great theories have work so successful that it seems to have nothing
wrong with them! Anyway, as we will see next that all of them have one of
the same weak point within! And the problem we want to talk about is not a
complicate one as the problem 2 (problem with reality in QMT) which was point
out by Lee Smolin in his book. Instead it is the simple problem about our
intuitive feeling which was ignored by almost theoretical physicists -- people
who knew them best. It is the problem of lacking of their physical models which
explain their mechanism or how the theories work!
Actually, if we just only use their mathematical
formulas (provided by the theories) for solving the relevant job, it is
no need to know about the philosophical idea behind the theory. But if we
want to put them to work together such as trying to merge GTR with QMT forming
a TOE, for example, then the problem occur as we are now facing. Someone may ask
why the model (mechanism) of the theory is so important. The reason is
that if we do not understand how the theory works then it may guide to wrong
misinterpretation which then lead to something crazy. Indeed this is a crucial
point, since we all know that “understanding is the progress of
science”, later we will see some examples of serious side effect due
to the misinterpretation.
2) What wrong with physics theories? Up to now we have found the clue that lacking of
understanding the mechanism of the theories should be the cause of the
trouble in physics. Here we have to point out one important concept that “when
we deal with any mechanism, we must have something to work with”,
we can not deal with any mechanism via nothing otherwise it is just an
abstraction, not a real (physical) one! So this means that there must be
some “medium” which act as the carrier of the mechanism! Below, we will
point out what the mechanisms of the mentioned theories should be, and then
later we will try to show how they work!
2.1) Problem of electromagnetic field
theory. Nowadays,
we may say that everyone familiar with “mobile phone”, but it is
interesting to note that no one know exactly how the equipment communicate with
each other! Someone may say that it was done via the built-in radio transmitter
and receiver. Yes, it is, but the problem is that “how the radio wave
signals propagates through vacuum space”! Beside the radio wave propagation
problem, there are other problems such as how the radio signal was sent from
the antenna, what was the radiation resistance is, etc. All of these problems
are due to the lacking of mechanism which explains how the phenomena work! (Please
see detail in CEMT mentioned in the introduction.)
Scientists who believe in James Clerk Maxwell who invented
electromagnetic field theory, would say that radio wave propagate via aether,
while main part of physicists seem to believe in Albert Einstein who
created special theory of relativity without aether! But it is crazy, how radio
wave could be created without any medium (aether). Some physicists have tried
to explain that radio wave could propagate by mutual creation between
electric and magnetic field. At first sign the explanation seems to solve
the problem, but instead it create more severe problem because both electric
field and magnetic field are simultaneous created from the common
current source, so this will violate the principle of causality!
2.2) Problem of special theory of
relativity. Now how
about STR, it seems that it requires no “mechanism” or anything as it does in EMT?
Actually, the answer is yes it does! The main philosophic problem of STR is the “increasing mass” of the moving object. Where did
the increased mass come from, and what is its mechanism? This is a severe problem because it
means that we could get mass (or energy) from nothing! Anyway, remember
that historically STR was invent to solve problem in electrodynamics; the
increasing of the moving electron’s mass in electromagnetic field. So this
should be the clue for the desired mechanism beside Lorentz force.
By the way, from the mathematical formula involved we could see that the
increasing mass is due to the “gamma factor” of Lorentz
transformation. Then if we know the physical meaning of Lorentz
transformation, which should be the “mechanism” that we are looking for!
Beside the mentioned problem, STR comes with counter intuitive “side effect”,
i.e. length contraction and time dilation of the moving object. So the mechanism we found may show
us the correct interpretation of the crazy side effect just mentioned.
2.3) Problem of general theory of
relativity. Because GTR was extended from STR by
including gravity, so it has the same philosophic problems as STR do. Further
more GTR itself was born with another serious philosophic problem about space-time. The theory says that
space-time could be curved and distorted by the gravity, it is alright. But
remember that is vacuum space is empty, then how space without “anything” could
be curved, i.e. what is its mechanism? Thing get worse when the theory
say that gravity wave could propagate by the vibration of empty space-time.
This is crazy, and how could we understand it?
But if
there is “something”, something which is a physical medium
involved in the vacuum space, and then the problems may be solved. Indeed, the
physical medium mentioned could act as the mechanism of the theory. This
mechanism may be able to explain how the gravity works, or the mechanism
which could show how gravity wave propagates!
2.4) Problem of quantum mechanics. To find the clue of the cause of
problem, first let us start with Nobel Prize Laureate Richard. P. Feynman word
which was talking about electrons’ interference phenomenon, “The
question now is, how does it really work? What the machinery is actually
producing this thing? Nobody knows any machinery. …” [2]. Of course it does not
mean that it is no need any mechanism for the quantum phenomenon, this is
physics, not a magic! So there must be “something” which act as the
mechanism we are seeking.
By the way, it is interesting to note that according to quantum field
theory, vacuum space was filled with zero point energy. May be this
energy will give us the clue of the mechanism which involved with electrons’
wave for the interference phenomenon. Also the concept of virtual particles
– antiparticles seem to point to same direction that there is “something”
in vacuum medium, something which provide the underlay mechanism!
Lastly, let us return to another word from Richard. P. Feynman, “Nobody
understands quantum mechanics” [3’]. From my opinion it is quite clear that
because it is lacking of the mechanism behind quantum mechanical theory!
And even through quantum mechanics is a successful tool in prediction with a
great accuracy, but if we do not understand it correctly, it would be misinterpreted
to something crazy such as the problem of “reality” which was point out
in Lee Smolin book!
3) Reconsider vacuum space. Up to now, we have found that all the main theories
mentioned are involved with “vacuum space”! Yes, it is the space which we
thought that it is an empty space, may be it is not empty at all. Ah,
some one would say that you will go back to the old aether concept,
won’t you? Don’t you know that it was proved that aether does not exist? Or, do
you have any new way of proving? The answer to the first question is yes and
no. Yes, I believe in something which has some general property like aether.
And no, it is not something as the aether which filled the empty
vacuum space, but it is vacuum medium space itself! For the second
question, the answer is that the conventional prove is not so clear cut and we
will show how it is. And the answer to the third question is, yes we do; we
have a simple scientific experiment prove. All the new idea mentioned
will be explained next.
3.1) Vacuum medium – the primordial substance. It is the geometrical structural gravitational
potential energy; the energy that each of its infinitesimal part holds each other together by
its internal gravitational force and forming to be the physical fabric
structure of our space called vacuum medium space! And we could
see that gravity is the property vacuum medium space. If we interpret that the existing of vacuum
medium space itself as
positive energy and its internal gravitational force as negative energy, then
the total energy is zero, i.e. the principle of conservation of energy is preserved!
In more detail, vacuum medium is a uniform, transparent and continuous
medium which have a peculiar mechanical property. It is very thin in mass
density (
) so it
is permeable by all matters almost without
any observed resistance. But it has very large elastic coefficient
and sensitive to shear force (rotational force) while not to compressive or
longitudinal force. The reason is that normally the elastic resistance against
change of volume is larger than that change of relative orientation, especially
if the volume is the fabric structure of the whole space!
The most fascination
about the vacuum medium energy (in which we will see later) is that it has a
far reaching consequence; it is the same thing as what which was called “dark
energy” in cosmology!
Figure 1
Two–solenoid experiment.
Experiments prove for
the existence of vacuum medium could be done without difficulty. The simplest one is
“Two-solenoid experiment” as shown in the diagram in figure1. The experiment is
about the magnetic field B generated by a direct current flowing in
solenoids according to the formula,
… (1).
[Where 
= permeability constant, 
= feeding current and n = no. of
turns.]
If both two identical
solenoids were feed with the same amount (and same polarity) of direct currents
as in (a) then the sum of the generated magnetic field is double. But if
the feeding currents are opposite as in (b) then the sum of the generated
magnetic field is zero. But according to the law of
conservation of energy, the generated magnetic field energy cannot be destroyed! So where is the generated energy gone? The only one sensible
explanation is that there is a cancellation of the opposite phase of internal rotational stress in the vacuum medium. So this would mean that vacuum
medium is existed, won’t it?
3.2) Misinterpretation of aether. As mentioned early that vacuum medium has some property
like aether, we would like to point out some important things which were used
to explain against the aether in the past time. This is crucial because it
is not clearly proved for the non-existing of the aether or vacuum medium (in
our case)!
First, it was told that if
aether is a physical medium and acting as the carrier for light wave,
then it must be very rigid in order to bear such a high speed of light. This
concept was based on the wave speed in solid material in which the speed in the
denser material is higher than in the lower one. But this analogy is not
quite right because if aether was assumed that it is something like earth
atmosphere, but with thinner density than air. So in this case we have to
compare the aether to something like hydrogen gas which has a thinner
density than air. Then we would found that wave speed in hydrogen gas is faster
than normal air, i.e. for air’s mass density
and sound
speed 331m/s, while hydrogen mass density 
and sound
speed 1284m/s.
Second, it is about the null result of the famous Michelson-Morley
experiment which was interpreted as “no aether is existed” (i.e. there is no relative motion between the earth and the
aether). But what which
was normally be omitted to be mentioned, is the length contraction of
equipment’s arm in the direction of earth rotation. The crucial point is that we
have no way to prove this contraction of equipment’s arm! People seem to believe in length
contraction than the dragging of aether along the earth (and also the reason
for explaining the side effect of the appearance of stars aberration for the
dragging of aether).
Up to now we can say that there is no other experiment
(except the Michelson-Morley
experiment) was made and shown clearly
that there is no relative
motion between the earth and the aether. So what we need now is to do an additional experiment test on other moving frame (besides the moving earth). Fortunately, our technology about space
explorer today could
provide a suitable
inertial moving frame for a better experiment test. Space
shuttle or space station which is orbiting is what we expect to give us the
final judgment test!
3.3) Einstein & aether. We have learnt and understood that conventional STR had
rule out the existence of the aether when Einstein invent it in 1905. Anyway,
Einstein’s relationship with the aether was complex and changed over time
as explained by Frank Wilczek in his book [3]. In 1920, Einstein had made a
quotation as;
According to the general theory of relativity space without ether
is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of
light, but also no possibility of existence for standard of space and time
(measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the
physical sense.
Frank Wilczek had explained further
and concluded that in GTR, Einstein used the concept of curved space-time to
construct a theory of gravity. And to describe GTR, we can also use (what which
he called) metric field which has mathematical idea equivalent to
curved space-time. Anyway, there is no detail about Einstein’s aether!
Now according to Einstein’s new idea that GTR and STR do
not deny the existence of the aether anymore, but the followed important problem
is how could we merge the aether into both (conventional) theories?
Indeed, we will see next that we could get STR and GTR which based on aether
concept (aether-based) by using the new concept of Vacuum mechanics!
4) Origin of
matters. Beside vacuum
medium which is the fabric structure of vacuum space, now we will talk about
matters which immerged in the sea of vacuum medium space. When some
parts of vacuum medium were condensed, they form to be something like tiny
black holes. Indeed, we can
show by indirect prove that they should be tiny black hole
(please see detail in VMTE). Electron and proton are two
sizes of the tiny black holes and both of them are the only two kinds of
elementary particles in the universe!
4.1) Electron black hole mechanism. In section 3.3 of VMTE, we have explained
qualitatively about the formation of the only two kind of elementary charge
particles, i.e. electron and proton. Now we will explain in a more qualitative
way by using Einstein’s electron theory mentioned (in VMTE) together
with the Reissner-Nordstrom solution (of Einstein’s field theory) [a] as
follow.
According to Einstein’s electron theory [4], he proposed that the
electrical elementary particles (electron or proton) are held together by
gravitational forces. In summary, he tried to approach the inquiry into the
structure of the material particles based on the assumption of a material
energy-momentum tensor in the present of gravitational fields together
with Maxwell’s energy tensor. Finally, he had got the desired formula
(2) below.
…. (2).
The first term in equation (2) is the Coulomb repulsive force
which is held in equilibrium by a gravitational force in the
second term. Of course, this seems impossible because Coulomb repulsive force
is much stronger than gravitational force. Anyway, based on our new
concept that electron and proton are tiny black holes, we would found that the
problem was easily eliminated!
By using the Reissner-Nordstrom solution we could explain how
electron or proton is staying stable in the surrounding vacuum medium space.
Actually, the equation (3) is the solution of Einstein-Maxwell equation, which
is the spherically symmetric, static, exterior field of a charged particle.
Originally, it was used for considering the gravitation field of a
charged particle and was hoped to be a useful model of electron, but failed!
…. (3).
[Where the second term 
in parenthesis is the gravitation
field due to electron mass, and the third term
is the
gravitation field due to electron electric field.]
Again, armed with the concept that electron is a tiny black hole
immerged in the surrounding of vacuum medium, and then we would found how Reissner-Nordstrom
solution should be a rational model of electron as below.
In diagram (a), it shows an electron sphere with radius 
surrounding by vacuum medium. On the surface of the sphere,
the suction force of electron black hole was countered by the internal tensile
force (stress) in vacuum medium around, so the total force on the surface of
the sphere is zero! In this situation theterm must
equal to the term, or
equivalently we may say that the effect of curved space due to gravity was
canceled by the effect due to electric energy. And then the line element
metric will be Minkowski (flat) space-time there!
Figure 2 Electron black hole model.
According
to diagram (b) which is the graph between the metric
of Reissner-Nordstrom
equation, and the radius r [5], we would found that
at point P where
, 
and we could calculate that electron
radius is equal to 
Indeed, we also found that it is the same
order as the classical electron radius, so it give us confidence in the
proposed electron black hole model!
4.2) Matter formation. When proton and electron
come close together, they attract each other and forming to be hydrogen atom.
But they can not attach together because of the existing of vacuum
medium between! Anyway, if they were forced to “attach” together by tearing off
the vacuum medium between, then a neutron particle was created. And this
compressing force which was used to overcome the tensile force of vacuum
medium, it was named as “weak force”!
Next if two
neutrons and two protons were forced to “attach” together, then a nucleus of
helium atom will be created. Also this compressing force which was used to
overcome the tensile force of vacuum medium between, it was named as “strong
force”. Finally, when the nucleus of helium atom was created,
it will attract the near by electrons and forming to be helium atom.
This is the initial state of the process for forming all kind of the
matters in our universe by using only two elementary particles, i.e.
proton and electron!
5) Vacuum mechanics – the mechanism of vacuum medium. In physics, when we deal with rigid
solids, we use the mechanics of rigid bodies as the tool. And when dealing with
liquids or gases what we used is fluid mechanics. In the same way, we should
use Vacuum mechanics, i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium when
dealing with vacuum medium. We will see its detail via the mechanism of
the main theories in physics now.
5.1) Mechanism of electromagnetic field. With the concept that electrons and
protons are tiny black holes, it is easy to explain electrostatic field and
magnetic field phenomena. When an
electron or a proton is staying still, it will attract the surrounding vacuum
medium. And this will create the internal stress in the vacuum medium around,
which is appeared as electrostatic field.
But when it is moving, it will rotate (in the direction parallel to the
motion’s axis) and create rotational stress while dragging the surrounding
vacuum medium along – this is magnetostatic
field!
In CEMT, conventional concept that “different type of
charge particles attract while the same types repel” could be explained by
the mechanism of vacuum medium. We know that “any size” of tiny black hole
“attract” each other. But because they also attract the surrounding vacuum
medium, so under certain distance apart, the same sizes of tiny black hole
repel each other, while different size attract. This is because under such
condition the attraction force between the black holes was affected by the
vacuum medium between. So the better concept is “different size of charge particles attract while the same sizes repel”!
Also, we have
explained how to derive Maxwell equations using the guideline from the concept of “the
quasi-elastic body model of aether” developed by Professor Arnold
Summerfeld. Then with this new concept; the dynamics action of stress-strain
relations in vacuum medium, we could easily show that electromagnetic
wave was create and propagate by disturbing and vibrating of the elastic
vacuum medium. Also, the radiation resistance could be
easily explained that it is the resistive action of vacuum
medium!
5.2) Mechanism of relativistic effect. In CSTR, based on the concept which vacuum medium
space act as absolute privilege reference frame, we have shown that
it is possible to derive Lorentz transformation by using k-calculus! Also
it provide us “physical” meaning (interpretation) of the Lorentz
transformation, i.e. it is the
relative “distance” and “time” measured by using light
speed c which propagated via vacuum medium (while Galilean
transformation deal with imaginary infinite light speed via empty vacuum
space)!
The mechanism of “increasing mass” is easy to explain via the new
concept, i.e. it is an “additional inertial mass” that resist to the
moving mass which is “immerged” in vacuum medium space! (This is
analogous to the dragging force act on a moving car, a flying plane etc.
due to the existing of the earth atmosphere.) Similarly, relativistic momentum and kinetic energy all are not the real
property by themselves, but
arising from the effect of the dynamic resistance of vacuum medium.
Finally we have shown
that length contraction of a moving object is not a real value;
it is a relative length which occurred because Einstein tried to keep the
constant velocity of light referenced to the moving observer! In the same way, time
dilation of a moving clock “should be” a relative time, but
instead it is a real effect because the clock’s mechanism is slow down
due to its increased mass!
5.3) Mechanism of
gravity. Under the
concept that matter was composed with large amount of “condensed
vacuum medium” (tiny black holes), then this is the reason that matters
could attract each other. And this attraction force used vacuum medium
as the transmitting medium and this is the mechanism of gravity. Also
the conventional concept that gravity wave propagate via empty space could be
rationally replaced by the propagation via the vibration of vacuum medium!
Figure 3 Light ray path through curve
space-time.
In CGTR, we have
explained in detail how space-time could be curved and distorted by the
gravity. Here in short, it is due to the non-uniform of vacuum medium energy
density which was created by a huge mass near by. So the traveling light ray
passing, it will be curved toward the denser space! This is a more
rational and understandable explanation than the conventional curve space-time
as shown in the diagram fig.2.
Also, the problem of the curvature of the universe could
also be settled using vacuum medium universe. Because the universe’s volume is so huge,
so even the very thin density of
vacuum medium has the total mass much more than all the visible matters! This is the missing dark matters that most of
cosmologists look for, and what follow is the possible closed universe. Indeed all of the philosophic
problems could be solved using the
concept of vacuum medium universe!
5.4) Mechanism of particle wave. In CQMT we have show in detail that electron wave could be easily visualize analogous to a moving water beetle wave.
When a beetle is moving on water’s
surface, it will disturb surrounding water and creating a co-moving “surface water waves” in front. In the same way the moving
electron will disturb the surrounding vacuum medium and creating a co-moving wave-packet! Anyway, there are two different points between them; first the beetle
wave is a 2-dimension wave, while electron wave is a 3-dimension wave. Second, beetle
wave is a vertical transverse of water surface wave, while electron wave is
a rotational transverse wave-packet of vacuum medium!
Once we
got a physical model of de Broglie (particle)
waves, new derivation of de Broglie wave relation based on wave-packet of vacuum medium is possible. And then it leads us to do a
more rational derivation of Schrödinger equation. So the old mystery quantum mechanics was
change to “quantum vacuum mechanics” i.e.
quantum mechanics of vacuum medium which is now could be understood by anyone!
Figure
4 Wave collapse interpretation.
Based on quantum vacuum mechanics it is easy to explain the existing
problems in the conventional theory. Indeed all the problems could be solved
under the new concept, and here is the explanation of one of the most crazy
problem; the well known “wave collapse interpretation”!
In conventional
interpretation as shown in diagram fig.3(a) above, there is no explanation “how each electron convert itself into waves,
passing through both slits and then the two part of waves collapse back into a single particle on screen”. It is
something like the “magic of electrons”! But, armed
with the concept that particle wave is the co-moving wave of vacuum medium, it
is easy to visualize and understand how electrons do the magic.
In diagram fig.3 (b),
all the electron particles moving together with their own
created particle waves. Some of electrons pass through slit 1, while
others pass through slit 2 randomly. While each electron passes through slit 1 or 2, its co-moving waves will pass through both slit
1and 2 at the same time. After passing through
both slits, both the waves will interfere each other while moving toward
screen. Because the constructive interference zone carries most of the
energy of waves (the high probability density), then it will guide the co-moving electron to follow
within the zone!
6) Vacuum mechanics a realistic theory of everything. Up to now, we have seen what vacuum
medium is, and how Vacuum mechanics works in nature. So it has given us some
clue about the theory of everything, and here we will make the conclusion.
6.1) TOE -- Unified field theory. Conventionally, by definition TOE requirement is only
to unify the four basic forces of nature. It does not mention anything about
matter, and this may be because it was thought that matter is part of the basic
force. Instead, VRTE has shown explicitly that all the four basic forces and matter
are unified as follow.
a) Gravity is the internal contraction stress force occurs in
vacuum medium. It is responsible for holding each of infinisimal part of the
medium together and forming to be the fabric structure of our universe. So we
may say that gravity is the intrinsic property of vacuum medium!
b) Matter is the grouping of the only two real elementary charge
particles i.e. electron and proton. And because both electron and proton are
condensed vacuum medium, so matter is a grouping of condensed vacuum medium!
c) Electrostatic force is manifest of the internal stress force
occurs in vacuum medium surrounding charge particle. Because charge particle acting
as tiny black hole, so it is not surprise that electrostatic force is much
higher than gravity. While a moving charge particle will rotate and dragging
the surrounding vacuum medium, which is then appeared as magnetic force!
When charge particles are moving periodically (such as in an antenna),
disturbance waves of vacuum medium (around) were created. The disturbance waves
compose of two parts; the first part is a vertical variation one which appeared
as electric field, while the horizontal variation part is appeared as magnetic
field, so the total variation is electromagnetic field waves. In conclusion, electromagnetic
force is the action of the disturbance waves of vacuum medium!
d) Weak force is the attach force between electron and proton.
Normally electron will attract proton (as in hydrogen atom), but due to the
existence of vacuum medium in between, so they can not “attach”
together. External force was used to override (tear off) the tensile stress of
vacuum medium in between, so this additional force which make proton attach to
electron was named as weak force!
e) Strong force is the attach force between proton and proton (or neutron).
Normally two near protons should attract each other due to its black hole
force. But at a certain close distance they will repel each other due to the
tensile force of vacuum medium (existed) in between. So external force was used
to override (tear off) the tensile stress of vacuum medium in between, and this
additional force which make the two protons “attach” together was named
as strong force!
6.2) A Universe Made of Marble. After succeeding in creation of general theory of
relativity, Einstein was frustrated about the structure of the field
equation [6]. On one side of the equation was the curvature of space-time,
which he likened to “marble” because it’s beautiful geometric structure.
However, he hated the other side of this equation, describing matter-energy,
which he considered to be ugly and which he compared to “wood”!
While the “marble” of space-time was clean and elegant, the
“wood” of matter-energy was a horrible jumble of confused, seemingly
random forms, from subatomic particles, atoms, polymers, and crystals to rock,
trees planets and stars. Einstein’s grand strategy was to turn wood into
marble that is to give a completely geometric origin to matter!
Actually, Einstein’s idea about the “completely geometric origin to
matter” should mean that the universe as a whole was created from the “marble”
i.e. the universe made of marble! Anyway, based on the concept that the
universe is composed of a huge volume of vacuum medium space-time, and
immerging with the condensed vacuum medium (i.e. matter), than the universe
made of marble is really the vacuum medium universe. So in
conclusion, VRTE (Vacuum mechanics a realistic theory of everything) is the
true complete theory, i.e. it unified vacuum medium space-time with all of
the matters in the universe!
7) Solution to the troubles in physics. Up to now, we are ready to solve
the five great problems mentioned in Lee Smolin’s book by using our new concept
of Vacuum mechanics. Actually the readers could get some clue about the
solution to the problems from the early sections, now we will see it in detail.
7.1) Problem of unification of the particle and forces. This is the problem 3 in Lee
Smolin’s book. Readers who read all the previous parts of this paper would
found that, actually this kind of unification is exactly the concept of
our Vacuum mechanics a realistic theory of everything (VRTE) explained in
section 5. Also we could see that it is the same concept of Einstein’s universe
made of marble; a completely geometric origin to matter!
7.2) Problem of dark matter and energy. To explain and solve the problems about
the dark energy (matter), first let’s start with the
Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Universe as explained by the equations;
...... (4)
...... (5)
Where the size of the expanding universe measured by a relative
cosmic scalar factor s(t), λ is the cosmological constant which
correspond to the repulsive force that counteracting the conventional
attractive gravity as required by Einstein for static universe.
For static flat universe in which
, then equa.
(x) and (y) give
, and then
which mean
that the cosmological constant has a positive energy density with
negative pressure! And at present time, the term 
is what was so-called as “vacuum
energy density” [7] (while
), and its
main part is the dark energy density. But, unfortunately we do not
know what it is, and why it has such a strange property (negative
pressure)!
Armed with the new concept of vacuum
medium universe (detail in CGTR, section 7.3 the origin of universe), it is
not difficult to explain the mentioned problems as follow.
According to the vacuum medium universe all the visible matters (condensed
vacuum medium) are immerged in the sea of vacuum medium space as show in the diagram above. (Please be careful that what which
was shown in the diagram is not true scale, it just showing how the overall
view of the universe looks like for us who located at the center!)
Figure 5 Vacuum medium
universe.
Now we could see that actually the dark energy is vacuum
medium energy which is the fabric structure of our universe and it is the
main part of the total energy of our universe (we talked in sect. 3 and detail
in VMTE). And the vacuum medium energy has a constant mass density
(calculated
from the mechanical property of vacuum medium), which we have called it as “ambient
mass (energy) density” (see detail in CGTR). Indeed, the value of
this ambient mass density is the same order as the critical density
of the vacuum energy mentioned above (i.e.
)!
Actually the ambient mass density is quite small, but due to the huge
volume of the universe, so it is the main part of the matter and energy
comparing to the visible matter (
) of the
universe! And it is easy to explain why the rotational speeds of
galaxies are not corresponding to their observed masses. The reason is
because all the rotational galaxies dragging the surrounding vacuum
medium as shown in the diagram for the Milky Way galaxy. Also the forced
rotational dragging vacuum mediums around galaxies create their own rotational
stresses which were manifest as the (unknown) interstellar magnetic
fields!
To see the reason of the “negative
pressure” of the dark energy is easy, it is because vacuum medium energy
has the internal gravity (contraction force) as its intrinsic
property (see detail in VMTE)! If we interpret that the existing of vacuum
medium (space) as
positive energy and its internal gravitational force as negative energy, then
the total energy is zero, i.e. the principle of conservation of energy of
the universe is preserved!
Now we can show
mathematically how the negative pressure works via its internal gravity
in vacuum medium universe while preserving the principle of
conservation of energy as follow.
For the adiabatic expansion process in the early state of the
universe, its volume V and the energy E change
according to the thermodynamics law as in 
……(6),
[where p = pressure].
And by the definition of vacuum medium density r is constant, so we can write
as
From (9), we can see that vacuum medium density r has internal gravity (negative pressure) =
-p. Also from (8), we can see that when the universe’s size is zero,
both r and p is zero. But
when the universe’s size is increasing, its energy is increasing while at the
same time it always equals its negative pressure (energy). Then the total
energy of the universe is zero and the principle of conservation of
energy is preserved!
Finally, some one who
familiar with the “inflation” concept in the early universe would
found that scalar field concept was just an ad hoc solution; it is a
hypothetical matter without any of its own property! Also it is facing with the severe problem
of “infinite hot dense amount of energy” (at the beginning of the big
bang) which contradicts to the conservation of energy!
But again, armed
with vacuum medium energy which acts as the scalar field energy,
it gives us a more physical meaningful and also the new inflation process
in the beginning of the universe is not violate the principle of
conservation of energy i.e. there is no need the infinite hot dense amount
of energy for creating inflation of the big bang!
Indeed, vacuum medium with its internal gravity will act
as the inflation in de Sitter universe. But unlike the conventional de
Sitter universe which is empty universe, vacuum medium universe is a physical
one with positive vacuum medium energy together with its negative
pressure within!
7.3) Problem of quantum gravity. More specific, it is the problem of
combining general relativity (GTR) and quantum mechanics (QMT) into a single
theory. And according to Lee Smolin’s book, both the two theories have the
problem of “infinities”.
As we have point out in VMTE (section 2.5 and 8) about the inconsistency
between GTR and QMT (which does not involving with infinity’s problem), and we
shown how to merge them together via Vacuum mechanics. Here we
will give a brief summarized for the previous solution in VMTE (before solving
the infinity’s problem) while talking some more detail about quantum vacuum concept
of QMT, especially in quantum field theory.
7.3.1) Conventional vacuum + quantum vacuum = vacuum medium. Let us first refer to the conventional GRT which say that
vacuum space is merely an empty space without anything within! In
contrast to quantum vacuum of QMT, especially in quantum field
theory, in which it is very complicate and difficult to
understand! Indeed, we often facing with what which was called as vacuum
polarized, vacuum fluctuation, vacuum expectation, etc. But it is interesting
to note that we do not know definitely what exactly (quantum) vacuum
is!
Now, let us see some explanation about the meaning of the quantum
vacuum. The first one is “Vacuum is defined as the state of (nonzero)
minimum energy…, it is not a well defined concept and no one can
eliminate it from quantum theories, but it has an exact mathematical
precise and logically satisfying meaning…..[12]”.
Another one, it was viewed as an energetic sea of dynamic
medium which composed of infinite numbers of virtual particles
and antiparticles continually creating and disappearing. For example in QED, in which pairs
of electrons and positrons will appear out of quantum vacuum and quickly
annihilate each other and disappear. So we can view that there is free
electromagnetic field in absence of any sources! To describe a field mode, we
simply describe the equivalent harmonic oscillator quantum mechanically. And we
would found that the energy of the field mode has the frequencies which run up
to infinity. In other words, we could say that there are infinite
numbers of “virtual photons” which were created and annihilated in
vacuum space!
Armed with Vacuum mechanics it is easy to solve the
difference between the infinite energy of quantum vacuum of QMT and the empty
space in GTR because vacuum medium space is neither empty space (without
anything) nor quantum vacuum (with infinite energy). Instead it is has a
definite energy as explained in VMTE in which it is more reasonable that than
empty space of GTR as mentioned in section 5.3.
Now to explain the infinite energy of quantum vacuum in QMT, we would found that the source of “infinity” arisen from
the assumption of infinite frequencies of the quantum
mechanically harmonic oscillator. But it is
interesting to note that how could the oscillator “oscillate” up to infinity?
Indeed, we will found that Vacuum mechanics could solve the problem!
According to vacuum
medium space-time, in which we would
see the “Mechanism of light wave” in section 10 of CEMT. When an electron in an atom was
exited and move from its normal state of lower energy to excited
state of higher energy, immediately it will jump back from unstable (excited)
state to its normal (stable) state!. And because the “transition time”
is very short, so the jumping back electron will transfer its impulse
force back to the surrounding vacuum medium. This makes the disturbed
vacuum medium oscillates and radiate out as a wave packet of photon!
Now we have seen that
actually photon is the wave packet of an oscillation of a short disturbed vacuum medium. And frequency of the oscillation is inverse proportion to the length of the jumping back time of electron, i.e. the shorter time means the faster
frequency. Anyway, the
oscillation’s frequency can not be infinite because it means that the jumping back time must be zero, and to do so it requires infinite
energy which is impossible. So the possible of the oscillation of vacuum medium is up to a certain
range of frequency which is depending on the property of vacuum medium!
7.3.2) Conventional black hole vs. vacuum medium black hole. Now we will consider the problem of infinity in
conventional black holes, in which it is commonly believed in physics society that these conventional black holes do physical existed. The reason behind is follow from the
mathematical formula of GTR which predict that a huge massive star to
collapse into a singular point of infinity dense black hole!
Anyway, the serious problem followed is what physics of this abstract black hole is, where does
the whole huge mass gone? And up to now it seems that the concept about black hole is still in
doubt. What which was thought
to be the most prominent evidence about the existing of black hole is the
famous X-ray binary, Cygnus X-1. But there is no conclusive proof
that Cyg X-1 is a black hole [8]!
Also, it is interesting to note that even Einstein himself did
not believe in this black hole [9]. For me (the author),
I fell that it is unconvincing for the huge massive star to
collapse into a mystic black hole in which we could not understand,
I do not think that god is a magician!
In contrast to our new concept of tiny black holes of condensed vacuum
medium (energy), i.e. electrons and protons) are seem to be more reasonable;
they do not have infinite energy density! (Someone may wonder why
the tiny black hole does not suck the surrounding vacuum medium. Yes it does by
creating the internal stress in the surrounding vacuum medium!)
By the way, it was point out that in the early state of the universe
(which was explained by the hot big bang theory), the universe start
with very small volume but with infinite density!
Armed with the concept of vacuum medium universe (above), it easy to see that the universe
could start without any need for the “hot big bang” as summarized below.
According to vacuum medium universe, vacuum medium energy is the
raw material for constructing the fabric structure of space-time! This means that at the starting moment the universe is zero in
size (no space-time) so there is no vacuum
medium either. When the
universe is expanding its size, vacuum medium must be increased (while keeping its constant density) for
expanding the fabric structure of space-time. Also, when the universe
is reducing its size, then vacuum medium is also decreasing. This is an
inflation universe without hot big bang concept!
In conclusion,
as Lee Smolin has point out that if infinities are signs of missing
unification then there is an essential part of physics has been left out.
And as we have seen above, under our single new concept of vacuum medium, we could solve the
mentioned problem. Indeed, vacuum medium is an essential part of physics
we asking for!
7.4) Problem of standard model of
particle physics. Fist
let us summarize what the “standard model” is. Conventionally, the standard
model is a relativistic quantum gauge field theory. And one who familiar
with it would knew that nowadays it is a successful “unified theory”
which involved the three basic forces i.e. electromagnetic force, weak force
and strong force, but does not include gravity! So it was called as “the
theory of almost everything” by Robert Oerter, and it is
also the name of his book which talks about the standard model [10].
Actually, the standard model is a mathematical theory of
elementary particles which includes the three fundamental interactions, i.e. electromagnetic
(QED), weak, and strong (QCD) interactions into a single formula. But
its mathematical structure is quite complicated and arbitrary [11].
Anyway, in conclusion we may say that the standard model is able to describe
the complex behavior of our micro physical world i.e. atoms, molecules which
forming to be solids, liquids, gases, rocks, plants and animals!
By the way, beside its successful in prediction about any
(non-gravitational) process in the universe, the standard
model was criticized as “an extraordinary ad hoc and ugly theory
that it was clearly nonsense” [10’]! It comes with several problems including the problem of the long list
of adjustable constants, as point out by Lee Smolin. But before answering how
nature chooses the values of these constants, first we will talk about “Higgs”
which is the recent hottest issue that involved standard model!
7.4.1) What is Higgs? It is interesting to note that Higgs which is the
most popular thing in recent big science’s news, i.e. the operation of CERN’s
Large Hadron Collider for finding Higgs boson, and the Nobel
Prize winners in physic 2008 for discovering Higgs mechanism, but we
do not know what exactly Higgs is!
Conventionally,
Higgs field was postulate to be “matter
field” which is existed by pervading in vacuum space [13]; it is
something that was arisen from the vacuum! In one sense, the Higgs field
plays the role of a new type of vacuum, analogous to the old-fashioned aether,
which acts like a continuous background medium and pervades all of
space-time [8’].
Following the problem of Higgs is what which was called “Higgs
mechanism”. Conventionally, Higgs mechanism is the action of spontaneous
symmetry breaking of Higgs field,
which give mass to
all fundamental particles. Technically the
mechanism is well understood, but at a physical level its meaning is not
yet fully grasped in particle physics [14]! So how could we clearly
understand the “mechanism of Higgs while we do not understand Higgs?
7.4.2) Solution to Higgs mechanism. Armed with our Vacuum mechanics, now we will
show that it is easy to understand about vacuum, Higgs and Higgs mechanism as
follow.
First, for the strange property of the vacuum (according
to quantum mechanics) just mentioned, it is not difficult to explain by using
the property of our vacuum medium as mentioned in early in section 3.1.
As we have seen that the mechanical property of vacuum medium could be used to
explain the mechanism of all natural phenomena such as electromagnetic field
and quantum field. Then something which was called as vacuum polarized, vacuum
fluctuation, etc, is the effect of the mechanism of the vacuum medium!
Second, in general view, the idea of Higgs field (as described
above) and vacuum medium are alike. One difference is that the former
has no origin and detail property, while the latter do has the origin and
intrinsic property (as explained above). Another most distinct different
property is that Higgs field occurs when we are dealing with “high
energy” such as in high energy interaction of particle. Then what is it
means? According to vacuum medium space, when vacuum medium was disturbed
with very fast moving (closed to speed of light) particles, then the action is
as if the vacuum medium has a huge energy density! But actually it is
not; instead it has the same old density which will be explained next.
Third, to understand about the Higgs mechanism in more
detail, we have to compare between the conventional concepts with our Vacuum
mechanics concept as show in the diagram fig.6.
Figure 6 Vacuum mechanics vs. Higgs mechanism.
The abstract
idea of the Higgs mechanism seems to occur in some physical phenomena such
as ferromagnetism. And it is usually demonstrates by using the shape
resemble a sombrero or sometime called the Mexican hat potential shown
in (a). In brief, the action of spontaneous symmetry breaking in Higgs field is
something like this; According to Schwinger’s quantum field, at each point in
space, there is infinite collection of harmonic oscillators, and which
was supposed now there are two identical quantum field (pictured as a
ball) oscillate perpendicular to each other (in X-Y) at the central hump (A).
When the energy is lower, the ball (field) will roll down and becomes trapped
in any arbitrary point in the trough around the central hump (at B); now the original
symmetry is broken
Next, in the trough the exact location is irrelevant, since the trough
itself is still symmetric. But now when the field oscillates about the
ball’s position, the same two directions look very different! In the
direction across the trough, the field oscillates as a harmonic oscillator; it
looks like a normal particle with mass. But if the field oscillates in
the direction along the trough (which is flat) then it correspond to a massless
particle. And the process we just described is the Higgs mechanism!
Now, if we try to use the standard model to explain a familiar (but
interesting) process, i.e. the beta decay of a neutron into a proton
plus an electron and a neutrino as shown in (b), we would found that it is very
complicate and difficult (even for someone who familiar with it)!
Instead, it is easy to understand by using Vacuum medium’s mechanism shown in
(c) as follow;
First, as we have explained in section4.2 that when proton and
electron were forced to “attach” together then a neutron particle
was formed. And the compressing force which was used to overcome the tensile
force of vacuum medium between is the weak force! So the created neutron
was maintained by the balancing force between the attach force (between
proton and electron) and the tensile force of the vacuum medium between. And
because the balancing force is not firm, it is not stable; this is the
reason for decaying of the neutron!
Finally, to explain about
the neutrino which was emitted during the decaying process; what is it? Armed
with our Vacuum mechanics, it is easy to understand that the created neutrino
is the disturbed part of the vacuum medium (in between the electron
and proton) which was arisen by releasing the weak force from the
neutron!
7.3.3) How
nature chooses
the constants values in standard model. According to the model, some of the long list of
adjustable constants is the masses of quarks and leptons, while others
tell us the strengths of forces involved. (Remember that the model
consists of six kinds of quarks i.e. particles which constituents of proton,
neutron and many others similar. And six kinds of leptons i.e. particles which
not made of quarks such as electron and neutrino, and which interact with each
other through electromagnetic, weak and strong force.) Now, we will gradually
show how the new concept of Vacuum mechanics could answer the problems involved
as follow.
a) According to vacuum medium universe, there are only two sizes of
elementary particles; i.e. electron and proton. Knowing the
mechanism of electron (tiny) black hole of vacuum medium, together with the
mass density of vacuum medium, then it is possible (in principle) to calculate electron
mass. And because proton is also a (bigger) tiny black hole, so it
is also possible to calculate its mass in the same way as was done with
electron.
b) Now, let us talk about the concept of antiparticle. It was
told that in early state of the universe, particle-antiparticle (such as
electron-positron) pairs were created from the radiation of high energy
photons (which was explained by the hot big bang theory). But in the present
universe, no stars or galaxies made of antimatter which represent of 50%
of particles, where are they? More specifically in the process of electron-positron
pairs production (which was predicted by Dirac equation), both the created
particles can not stay as the stable electron and positron. Only normal
electron (which is not created from pair production) can be survived, so what
wrong?
Armed with Vacuum mechanics, we have show that electron and proton are tiny
black holes of vacuum medium. So what which was thought as the created electron
and positron particle pair, they are not real (stable) particles.
Actually they are pair of opposite spin vortices of vacuum medium which
look like normal particle! (This is analogous to Lord Kelvin idea about atoms
in 1867. He envisaged atomic interactions in which each atom was a vortex in
ethereal fluid, and vortices could only appear in equal and opposite pair
[15]. And to derive the evolution of the vortices we may use the same way as
was done in electromagnetic field [16]). So this is the explanation why our
universe is a matter (not antimatter) universe!
c) Next, let us see the problem of photon which was said that it has
no rest mass, while it has energy and momentum. How could we understand
something like this? The reason behind the problem is because we misunderstood
that photon (light wave packet) is an isolate energy entity (particle)
and can propagate by itself! But according to the mechanism of light
wave packet (mentioned early), photon is a portion of the vacuum medium which
was disturbed, oscillate and propagate. So the mass (energy) of the moving
photon is the mass of the oscillating medium mentioned. And when the
disturbed portion of the medium is stop oscillating, this means that there is
no photon (light wave packet), and this is the reason why it was said that
photon has no rest mass!
d) Now, it is time to talk more about the neutrino which was
doubt whether it has mass or not! According to the standard model neutrino must
be massless, but this will contradict to experiment result which
indicate that neutrino has a very small mass, so which one is right? The
reason behind the problem is because we misunderstood that neutrino is
an isolate energy particle (something like photon). But according to the
decay mechanism of a neutron (mentioned above), the created neutrino is
the disturbed part of the vacuum medium which was released from the
decay neutron. And we have learn that vacuum medium has its very small mass
density, then it is not surprise that neutrino must also has its mass
but a very small one!
e) Up to now, we have explained the entire particles that are stable
(and have a long life), and which manifest themselves in a daily environment
with a normal room temperature. All the remaining and unfamiliar
particles are the extremely short life particles which were found in
high energy experiment. So armed with Vacuum mechanics concept, we could
say that all of them are not real particles, instead they are the
disturbed parts of the vacuum medium which ware created and
scattering during high energy collisions!
f) One problem about the disturbed parts of the vacuum medium
that were arisen during high energy collisions (which were thought to be
new kinds of elementary particles), are they randomly created or not? Actually
it is random process, but not fully arbitrary because it was guided (or control)
by three main criteria; one is the property (such as mass, spin, etc) of the
input particles, and the other is the appropriate conservation laws (which
ultimately connected to symmetry) such as energy conservation law, conservation
of charge, etc that involved in the collisions. The last one is the
understandable property of the environment, i.e. the sea of vacuum medium!
g) Lastly, let us talk about quarks which were explained as the
composite part of nucleons (proton and neutron). While quarks were told
to hold together and forming to be nucleon, but they cannot stay as a free
particle. Then we do not know what are they (quarks), and where they from? But
according to our Vacuum mechanics concept, we have learn that proton is an
elementary particle which is a condensed (tiny black hole) of vacuum
medium, while a neutron is composed of an electron and a proton. Also we knew
that protons and neutrons were forced to “attach” together and forming to be
a nucleus under the balancing force between the strong force and the
tensile force of the vacuum medium between. And because the balancing force is
not firm, it is not stable; this is the reason for the alpha decay of
the nucleus (of radioactive element)!
In conclusion, we could say that nature chooses the values
of the constants in standard model corresponding to what
the nature are (according to Vacuum mechanics)! First, vacuum medium
sea of our universe is the stage where the particles’ interactions occur.
Second, electron and proton (tiny black holes of vacuum medium) are the two sizes of the real elementary particles (which form to be any
kind of matters).
Third, the movement of an electron through vacuum medium will create
disturbance and manifest as a photon.
7.5) Problem in the foundation of quantum
mechanics. As mentioned
early about the problems in QMT (section 2.4) and giving an explanation how the
mechanism of particle wave works (in section 5.4), here we will summarize what
and how quantum vacuum mechanics
work (detail was explained in CQMT). And then showing how to solve the problem in
QMT, by making sense of the theory as point out by Lee Smolin.
7.5.1) Quantum vacuum
mechanics. In CQMT, we have improved the conventional QMT by giving
it with a suitable physical model, i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium (Vacuum
mechanics). Then what we got is a new more complete and understandable quantum
mechanical theory - quantum vacuum mechanics! And under the new concept, we could
derive a new understandable Schrödinger equation, also it
permits us to explain physical meaning of the mysterious Plank constant h and the uncertainty principle as
follow.
Physical meaning of Plank
constant h. Conventionally, Planck constant h is a
proportional constant derived from the mathematical formula of “black body
radiation”
But, due to lacking of understanding its physical meaning,
Plank constant was
thought as a magic constant!
Viewing from our new
concept of quantum Vacuum mechanics, we would found that actually the physical meaning of Plank constant h is -- one unit of the “quantum action” of the vacuum medium’s wave
packet created by the changing state of an electron in an excited
atom of the “black body radiation”
phenomena! (Please
see detail in CQMT.)
Mechanism of the uncertainty principle. Conventionally, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle based the measurements which show us that we can not determine both the position and the momentum of subatomic particle such as an electron with unlimited precision, but only accordant with
. The problem is that we do not know how and why it is so! Instead, based
on quantum vacuum mechanics, it is easy to explain that it is due to the wave packet (of vacuum
medium) created by the moving electrons, which act as the mechanism of uncertainty principle! (Again, please see detail in
CQMT.)
7.5.2) Does God play dice? According
to the uncertainty principle
which gives the probability
interpretation (of quantum mechanics) as representing the
ultimate reality, and
was accepted by almost all mainstream
physicists. But only a small group of physicists, including Einstein, do not
accept the statistical interpretation. Einstein’s position – he has quoted as saying
that he could not believe that “God plays dice with the world”!
(By the way, for Niels
Bohr which is the positivist leader of
mainstream physicists, physical theory such as quantum mechanics is to describe
relations between measurable quantities. The theory does not tell one
whether anything characterized by these
quantities really exists, nor
whether this question makes sense! [17])
For Einstein who is a realist physicist, a physical theory reflects the behaviour
of real objects; their existence is not brought
into question. He felt that quantum mechanics, although an accurate description
of nature, must be an approximation to some
more fundamental concept. And indeed we will see that Einstein was right, our new concept of completed quantum
mechanical theory (CQMT), i.e. quantum vacuum
mechanics is what he asking for, and now
we will explain why God does not play dice!
To consider the concept of probability in quantum
mechanics, we have to return to its origin of particle-wave duality of subatomic particle such as an electron. As we
have shown (in CQMT)
that actually the wave nature of electron is due to the co-moving wave
packet (of vacuum medium) created by the moving electron! And these co-moving
wave packets are responsible for the interference patterns which
occurred in the two-slit experiment as shown in the diagram fig.4. So we can
say that the existing of vacuum medium (of space-time) is the cause which gives
the measurement (of the moving electron) be statistic!
Now it is interesting to note that if there is no vacuum medium, then the moving electrons can not create electron wave. So the moving
electrons will go straight pass though the slit direct to screen (without
guiding from wave) and pile up as a smooth curve
without interference pattern as shown in the diagram. So in principle, we can make a measurement of
electron with unlimited precision. Then it is the returning to deterministic concept of classical mechanics!
In conclusion, according to conventional QMT, it was claim that probability is inherent in
the basic nature of microscopic process while reducing determinism of
the macroscopic level to a mere consequence of the mean values of the probability. But according to classical physics,
probability is a matter of
ignorance, and the statistical treatment was used where the system under
consideration is too complicate and involving with a large number of the
variables. And even in case of the QMT,
quantum vacuum mechanics has shown that it is not an exceptional. Finally what we got as the answer is God does not play dice!
7.5.3) Is God a magician? Let us refer to Einstein’s word
again; “This (quantum) theory reminds us a little of the system of delusions of
an exceedingly intelligent paranoiac, concocted of incoherent element of
thoughts” [18]. For me, as was mentioned early in sec.2.4), that lacking of understand
it correctly, it would be misinterpreted to something crazy! Here
we will give some more examples of serious side effect due to the
misinterpretation.
First, let us continue to talk about the Uncertainty principle which was used as a magic tool for solving the problem of virtual particle in quantum vacuum! Traditionally, it was said
that creating pairs of virtual particle and antiparticle are possible (even it
violates energy conservation principle) because of the magic mathematical formula of the Uncertainty principle (10).
The reason that the Uncertainty
principle can save the life of virtual particle and antiparticle pairs is due to the short time (of the existing time’s period) of
the created particles which was kept to be according to equation (11). In
short, the production of virtual
particle - antiparticle pairs
could be possible if the energy required to make the particles is borrowed
for a sufficiently short time! [19] So far so good, but the problem is how
could it be something like that? It seems crazy, how could nature be cheated!
Armed with quantum vacuum
mechanics, what we got is a more rational physical meaning (mechanism) of the Uncertainty
principle (above) and not
a magic mathematical formula as was believed. Together with the
explanation (in sec. 7.3.3) that particle
– antiparticle pairs actually they are pairs of opposite spin vortices
of disturbed vacuum medium not magic pairs of particle – antiparticle as
misunderstood. So up to now we may conclude that God is not a magician, isn’t it?
8) Mass, Ether,
and the Unification of forces. This is the main topics of Frank Wilczek’s book (The
Lightness of Being) in which he has talked about the origin of mass, proposed
new Ether, and explain how to unify the four basic forces of
nature (as mentioned early). Anyway, what we will talk here is about some
of his interesting idea of ether and the unification, and then compares them to
our concept of Vacuum mechanics!
8.1) Grid – the new Ether. As it was called by
Frank Wilczek, and he has explained in detail and then summarized as below.
a) Grid is the primary ingredient of
physical reality, from which all else is formed, fills space and
time!
b) Every fragment of Grid – each
space-time element – has the same basic property as every other fragment.
c) The Grid
weighs, with a universal density.
d) The Grid contains a metric field
that gives space-time rigidity and cause gravity.
e) The Grid also contains enduring
material components. The cosmos is a multilayered, multicolored super
conductor.
f) The Grid is alive with quantum
activity in which it is spontaneous and unpredictable. And to see the activity,
we must disturb it.
8.2) Grid vs.
Vacuum medium. Now we will compare Frank Wilczek’s Ether (Grid)
above to our Ether (Vacuum medium) as explained in section 3.1. And we will see
what the difference is and how could we answer the remaining question of
the Grid?
|
Item
|
Grid |
Vacuum medium |
comparison |
|
a |
primary
ingredient |
primordial
substance |
same idea |
|
a |
ingredient fills space-time |
fabric of
space-time |
different idea |
|
b |
same prop. of
space-time |
homogeneous
& isotopic prop. |
same idea |
|
c |
Grid weighs,
universal density * |
specified
constant mass density |
same idea, but * = no value |
|
d |
metric field
gives rigidity # |
fabric structure
of space-time |
same idea, but #
= no detail |
|
d |
metric field
cause gravity @ |
Intrinsic
property of vac. medium |
same idea, but @
=no detail |
|
e |
contains enduring
material |
disturbance of
vac. medium $ |
different idea,
$ see note |
|
f |
alive with
quantum activity |
disturbance of
vac. medium $ |
different idea,
$ see note |
Note In Vacuum mechanics, vacuum medium is the only one
primordial substance exists. Beside vacuum medium, there are only two sizes
of material particles, i.e. electron and proton which both is the condensed vacuum
medium (tiny black holes).
Under the high energy collision between subatomic particles (in
the sea of vacuum medium), disturbance of the surrounding vacuum medium
creating different types of scattering pieces (of vacuum medium) which exist as
many kind short life particles.
8.3) Unification of forces. Frank Wilczek has tried to unify gravity into the
standard model by using the concept of supersymmetry. But we will not
talk all about it; instead what we interest is his consideration about
gravity [3’]. One of the most interesting alternatives to us is what he
said that “The other forces [beside gravity] might be derived from gravity.
It is easy to imagine how nonuniversal force [other forces, except gravity]
might arise out of a universal one [gravity]… (Apparently Einstein
himself had hopes of constructing a theory of matter along these lines.)
…” {Note that the words in square
buckets were added by me, the author.}
Talking about Einstein concept of constructing a theory of
matter in which Frank Wilczek also mentioned, it is surprisingly that this is
the same concept we used for Electron black hole mechanism as explained
in section 4.1!
So far, the readers would notice that actually what we have done with
gravity (to unify it with the other forces) in our theory, it is the same
idea as Frank Wilczek idea just mentioned! In brief, we start with gravity
which is the intrinsic property of vacuum medium. Then we showed that electromagnetic
force was the suction force of the tiny black holes of vacuum medium
(condensed vacuum medium), i.e. it is a strong gravitational force. Next, we have seen that weak force
is the attach force occurs between electron and proton which forming to be
neutron. Finally, strong force is the attach force occurs between
neutrons and protons which forming to be a nucleon. So, all of the four basic
forces of nature was derived from one common substance i.e. vacuum
medium which is the raw material used in constructing our universe!
9) Seer from outside. In chapter 18 of Lee Smolin’s book, he talked about the important
of “seers” beside “craftspeople” in scientific community. He started
with “Perhaps there is something wrong with the way we are going about
trying to make a revolution in physics.” Then he went on with “The one thing
everyone who cares about fundamental physics seems to agree on is that new
ideas are needed.” And also “We are missing something big.”
Next Lee Smolin has
explained “how to find the missing idea”. He said that beside of having
craftsperson which highly skilled in the practice in physics community, seers
who know the subject thoroughly are needed! The seer need not be the
most technically proficient of physicists, but be able to work with the tools
of the trade, and communicate convincingly in its language. Seers are different
from craftspeople that they are dreamers. They go into science because they
have questions about the nature of existence that their schoolbooks don’t
answer! Lastly, he added that “real seers” were not welcomed in scientific
community, so he asked for it. “During revolutionary period, you need seers,
who can peer ahead into the darkness.” He said!
For the author opinion, I agree with Lee Smolin. I am a retired
communication engineer who has fall in love with fundamental physics. During
study radio communication course in the college, I was not so happy with
conventional explanation that “radio wave could propagate without any
carrier”, how could it be that! And it is interesting for me to find it out
since then, with the solution which was already talked early in this paper.
Working as an amateur physicist, it seems for me that I am acting
as an “outside seer”! There is an advantage for people who work as
engineers that they were taught with “Mechanics” as one main basic
course (and it was told that there is mechanics in their blood!) Also most
of engineering works are so “obvious” that there is no need to talk
about their “reality”. So all engineer having the habit of trying to “understanding”
their daily works which may call it as “engineering sense”! Anyway, I
have kept in mind that I am not a professional, so what I want to do is just to
“make sense” of what which involve in the matters of our story.
By the way, it seems to me that the relation between craftspeople and outside
seers (mainly are engineers) is worst than the relation between craftspeople
and inside seers which both of them are physicists. The reason may be
because physicists seem that engineers are not the professional, while engineers
seem that the physicists are not so open-minded. Anyway, this kind of the
problem seem to be one of human nature which normally occurred in every
society, doesn’t it?
Talking about “vacuum medium” actually it is not totally a new
idea; some of its aspect is similar to the old aether which was
ignored by mainstream physicists since STR was accepted. Physicists do not so
worry about the mechanism which explained how the theory works, while
their main goal is that STR can give them with predictability and accuracy.
Anyway, it is alright if we used STR separately from others theories, but if we
have to use STR as one main tool for finding TOE we have to make sure that it
is a complete theory!
Finally, as we have seen early that once we have ignored the concept of “vacuum
medium”, what follow is not only the problem in STR, instead it also have a
serious consequence in EMT, GTR and QMT. This is because the craftspeople do
not interest in “philosophical idea” behind the theories involved. As
Lee Smolin has told that Einstein had encouraged a young physicist in
studying philosophy science, otherwise it is like someone who has seen
thousands of trees but has never seen a forest! Analogously in our case, craftspeople
are so smart about all physics theories involved, but they still could not
found the theory of everything!
10) Conclusion. Up to now we have shown that what the idea of “Vacuum mechanics
- a realistic theory of everything” is, why it was overlook and how
it could solve the problems in modern theoretical physics! And here are the
final short summary and some additional comments.
a) Vacuum medium is the only one single primordial substance which
formed to be the fabric structure of our universe and the matters’ composition
within. All natural phenomena are the appearances of the mechanism of vacuum medium, i.e. Vacuum
mechanics - a theory of everything!
b) Actually, the main
problem for finding TOE is the lacking of the complete tools used, i.e. the
theories of electromagnetic field, special relativity, general relativity and
quantum mechanics. Lacking of rational philosophical ideas (physical
models) which explain the mechanisms in these four main physics
theories lead to the blind alley!
But, why philosophy (philosophical ideas) is so important for physics
(science)? The reason is because it is the rational way of thinking; it
is not something that does not make sense or a magic! This is
according to one definition of philosophy which was defined as “a knowledge of
effect from their causes and of cause from their effect” [20]. Without
understanding how the nature really work, then what followed may be a correct one
or a mislead one!
c) So what we have done (to get the TOE) is just “putting Vacuum mechanics into modern physics theories”. Then the same one common mechanism of vacuum medium gives us a rational and understandable electromagnetic phenomenon, the correct relativistic effects in relativity theory, a realistic physical action of magic gravity, and finally we turn the ghost field of particle wave to a realistic wave of vacuum medium
d) It is interesting to note that modern
physicists seem to believe in the abstract of mathematic (invented by
human) more than physics (which was invented by god)! They have ignored
to understand how physically the natural phenomena work. This is the main reason why they got
struck, how could physics (science of nature) progress without understanding?
Someone may herd about the ancient Maya civilization, they (Maya)
were very smart about mathematic, and could calculate and predict very accurate
astronomical events. Anyway, without understanding it, they imagined it
as the magic of god, which then leaded them to sacrifice human life!
Nowadays, modern physicists (who live in modern scientific period) do
something similar to the Maya (who lived in pre-scientific age); they believe
in mathematic than in physics, especially in the standard model of
particle physics which based on the magic of quantum field! And what
they have sacrificed is the huge amount of money to be paid for the CERN’s
Large Hadron Collider!
e) By the way, we could see
that what was written in this paper is very a short one, and it is not fully
mathematical rigor. What we have done is just enough to give the new idea to
the readers with some confidences for opening the door to TOE. So
what was left here should be the work of academic people who are involved in
the matter to complete it for the virtue
of academic merit and the progression of our world’s advanced knowledge!
f) Finally let us close this article
with Einstein’s word about his dream for the theory of everything as
below;
“I want to know how God create this world. I am not
interest in this and that phenomenon,
in the spectrum of this or
that element. I
want to know His thought; the rest are details.”
Now, could we say that VRTE provide
the solution for Einstein? The answer is yes and no! Yes, we do know how
God created this world via Vacuum mechanics. But we have to accept that
we do not know why he has to do something like that!
11) References.
(Precaution; Several text books with different
authors were used as the reference and each author used different pattern and
different notation for the same formula. Here in this paper, the author has
made some change of the original pattern and notation for the readers
convenient, so please be careful!)
[1] By Nimit
Theeraleekul, now presenting in www.vacuum-mechanics.com .
[2] Richard P.
Feynman, “The character of physical law”, p. 145.
[3] Frank Wilczek, “The Lightness of Being” chapter 8 - The Grid
(Persistence of Ether) p. 73 - 111. For
[3’] p.149-150, and for [3’’] in chapter 10 - The origin of mass p. 128
– 132.
[4] W. Pauli, “Theory of
Relativity”, p. 202-205.
[5] Ray d’Inverno “Introducing Einstein’s Relativity” Reprinted 1993 p.
239-243.
[6] Michio Kaku, “Hyperspace”
p.98-99.
[7] Matts Roos “Introduction to Cosmology” p. 54.
[8] Richard A. Mould, “Basic
Relativity”, p. 373.
[9] Tian Yu Cua, “Conceptual Development
of 20PPPPPPPPPPPthPPPPPPPPPPP Century Field Theories” p.119. For [8’],
in the topic
“The ontological status of the Goldstone-Higgs scalar system” p.311-313.
[10]
Robert Oerter “The Theory of Almost Everything, the Unsung Triumph of
Modern Physics”, p.1.
For [10’] p.208.
[11] Roger Penrose, “The Road to Reality,
A Complete Guide to the Law of the Universe”, in the topic of
“Quantum field theory”, p 655-685.
[12] P. Rowlands (Department of
physics, University of
0810.0224.
[13] W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes “Nuclear
and Particle Physics”, in the topic “Spontaneous symmetry
breaking and Higgs vacuum” p. 505-507.
[14] Gordon Kane, “Modern elementary particle physics: The fundamental
particles and forces?” p. 105.
[15] John D.
Barrow, “New Theory of Everything” p.103.
[16] Tomasz Rdozycki,
“Quantum effect in the evolution of vortices in the electromagnetic field”,
arXiv:
quant-phy/ 0401115v2.
[17] Charles Ruhla, “The Physics of Chances” p. 188.
[18] John D. Barrow, “The Book of Nothing (Vacuum, Voids and the latest
Idea about the Origin of the
Universe)”
p.193.
[19] Robert K. Adair,”The Great Design (Particles, Fields and Creation)”
p. 223.
[20] Sire James Jeans, “Physics and Philosophy” p.16.