Vacuum
Mechanics
A New
Approach to the Theory of Everything (VMTE)
Nimit Theeraleekul
B. Eng. (Communication)
(17 March 2004, 3 rd. revised July 1, 2011)
Abstract: Modern theoretical physicists have been struggle for a long time
for finding the theory of everything. Nowadays, it is well-known that the
obstacle was the incomplete and inconsistent of the theories using as tools; especially
the two main theories, general theory of relativity and quantum mechanical
theory. Modification based on new concept of Vacuum Mechanics will
complete the tools, making them consistent to each other, and then opening
the gate to the desired theory.
Content:
1) Introduction. 2)
Something may be wrong with modern theories in physics. 2.1) Problems with Maxwell electromagnetic
field theory. 2.2) Problems with
Einstein special theory of relativity. 2.3)
Problems with Einstein general theory of relativity. 2.4) Problems with
quantum mechanical theory. 2.5)
Inconsistency between GTR and QMT. 3) Vacuum mechanics -- a new conceptual
mechanics for all natural phenomena. 3.1) Vacuum medium is the fabric structure of vacuum space. 3.2) Electrons are tiny black holes 3.3) Origin of
matters. 3.4) Mechanism of
gravity. 4) Improving Maxwell’s theory of
electromagnetic field. 5) Improving Einstein’s theory of special relativity. 6)
Improving Einstein’s general theory of relativity. 7) Improving quantum
mechanical theory. 8) Relativity and quantum theory could be married now! 9) Appearance of the theory of everything. 10) Conclusion & discussion. 11) References.
1) Introduction.
Theory of Everything (TOE) was defined as one which was aimed to
unify all the four basic forces of nature, i.e. gravity, electromagnetic, weak
and strong forces [1]. And modern theoretical physicists have been struggling
to find it for a long time, but there was no sign of successfulness until now!
Anyway, string
theory seems to get more attention as the TOE, but it has one serious
problem, i.e. it is involved with extra
dimensions which is not so realistic! Another proposed theory is quantum
gravity, but its main problem is the incompleteness and the
inconsistency of the theories involved, i.e. general theory of
relativity (GTR) and quantum mechanical theory (QMT)
[2].
For me (the author), I
am not so happy with any extra-dimension theory. Why nature has to hide the
extra dimensions? There should be a simple intuitive way for her to build
the universe and here, this article “Vacuum mechanics: A new approach to
the theory of everything” is one that we asked for! And also we will see later
that even Einstein’s dream via a five-dimensional theory, could be done with
our familiar four-dimension. In VMTE, it is no need for the fifth dimension.
Instead, we just used what which was called “condensed of vacuum medium” or something
like a tiny black hole to do the job!
2)
Something may be wrong with modern theories in physics. Nowadays, we know that the two great modern physics theories are
GTR and QMT. While GTR is responsible for physics in macro scale up
to the universe, in contrary to QMT which is responsible for physics in
micro scale down to atoms and elementary particles. Despites their successful
in accuracy and predictability; both of them are incomplete and inconsistent to
each other. Here we will show what the main problems of GTR and QMT are. And
because special theory of relativity (STR) is the basic foundation for
GTR, so we should reconsider it first. Anyway we also know that STR was
invented to solve the problem in electrodynamics. Then it is inevitable
to find out the problem of Maxwell’s electromagnetic field theory (MET) in
which electrodynamics was based on first!
2.1)
Problems with Maxwell electromagnetic field theory.
Historically, when James Clerk Maxwell developed the theory, he created a
mechanical model called a granular model of space. In this model, aether
medium was used as the mechanism for electromagnetic field [3]. But today
most of physicists do not believe in the model, i.e. the idler wheels and gears
of the aether. Only the equations were accepted and still being used. For the
author opinion, this is the first sign of the troubles that will follow
then.
Reference to the
concept of Maxwell model in which the (luminiferous) aether was the medium
filled in vacuum space and responsible for propagation of electromagnetic
waves. This is the same concept as all kind of waves in the nature do.
But when electrodynamics was born, electromagnetic field theory did not
work in the ream of classical mechanics. To solve this problem Einstein
had proposed special theory of relativity, and which was accepted. And at same
time the theory had rule out the existence of the aether, so this is the
second sign of the problems that will occur afterward!
If the aether was abandoned from being the elastic medium filled vacuum
space, then what is the mechanism of radiation process [4] and how do
electromagnetic waves propagate through the vacuum space? Most of all
standard textbooks have the difficulty for clearly explanation; they only said
that the wave is self-contained oscillations that propagate by mutual creation
between the changing of electric and magnetic field. But that will violate
the principle of causality, because both of the changing of electric and
magnetic field is simultaneous created by the changing of electric current supplied
by the power source [5].
Some
one may ask that, is the author still believes in the aether theory? How
about the long debated about the existing of aether during the nineteenth
century, in which the negative result of the expected interference from the famous
Michelson-Morley experiment has ruled out the existence of the aether?
We will talk about the second question latter, for the first question the
answer is yes and no. Yes, the author still believe in general concept of “something”
like the old aether, but not the aether itself. And no, because it
not something that filled the vacuum space like the aether, but it is something
more special -- it is “vacuum medium space” itself. And we will see its
detail next.
2.2) Problems with Einstein special theory of relativity. Everyone who familiar
with STR would found that its main philosophic problems
are the increasing mass, length contraction and time dilation of the moving object. What are the causes of
these effects? No one could understand and can explain clearly why it is
something like that! Beside the problems mentioned, the second hypothesis (of
the theory) “the velocity of light is the same for any inertial observers” is
also criticized to be incorrect.
Now,
if there is something which is physically acts as the “cause” in the
mentioned problems, then we may know the “effect”. Indeed, latter we
would found that something which we ask for, it is vacuum medium (instead
of empty vacuum space). And we will see that it is easily to solve the mentioned
problems by using the mechanism of the vacuum medium!
2.3) Problems with Einstein general theory of relativity. Because
GTR was extended from STR by including gravity, so it has the same philosophic
problems as STR do. Further more GTR itself was born with another serious philosophic problem about space-time.
The theory says that space-time could be curved and distorted by the gravity,
it is alright. But remember that is vacuum space is empty, then how
space without “anything” could be curved? What is it mechanism? Thing get worse
when the theory say that gravity wave could propagate by the vibration of
empty space-time. This is crazy, and how could we understand it?
Nowadays modern cosmologists
have found that our universe is expanding! And according to the calculation
using the conventional (non-ether based) GTR, they found that dark energy is needed to give enough
mass density for the acceleration of the expanding. Again, if there is something which is a physical medium
involved in the vacuum space, then the problems may be
eliminated. Indeed, later we would found that something which we ask for; it is
vacuum medium space (instead of empty vacuum space).
2.4) Problems with
quantum mechanical theory. Let us
start with an outstanding Nobel Prize laureate in physics, Richard P. Feynman’s
word when talking about quantum mechanics. He said that “I think I can safely
say that nobody understand quantum mechanics” [6]. And he went further
(when talking about electron wave’s behavior which appeared as the
interfering pattern after moving through double-slit experiment.) “… how does it really work? What machinery is actually
producing this thing? Nobody knows any machinery. …” [6’]. Does it mean
that quantum mechanics has no mechanism? Of course not, quantum mechanics is science,
not a magic! So the central problem is about atomic particle wave, not only because no one knows what the particle wave is, but also no one knows what its
mechanism is.
Fortunately, we know that the most
essential part of every kind of wave in the nature is the requirement for a physical
medium to be the carrier of the wave! Also we know that in QMT, the moving electrons
in the experiment moving through “nothing” in vacuum space. This is crazy, how
could electron wave was created without any carrier for the wave?
But what will happen if the vacuum space is vacuum medium space? The
answer is that it is now possible for the moving electrons to create
wave while they are moving!
2.5) Inconsistency between GTR and QMT. It is interesting to note that we use both theories to explain natural
phenomena in the same of our single world (within our single universe), but they
contradict to each other. While GTR was responsible for the macro world
i.e. from our solar system up to the whole universe; QMT was responsible for
the micro world i.e. from molecule, atom down to electron. And while QMT say
that there are infinite energy in empty vacuum space, GTR say that
there is nothing in there! Or while GTR say that energy come in continuous
value, QMT say that energy is quantized. Then the question is why both the two
great theories say different thing, and which theory is right?
Up to now, from all of
the above problems we could get some clue that it is because we have “nothing” to deal with. But if we
have vacuum medium which acts as the
mechanism of every phenomenon that occurs in EMT, STR, GTR and QMT, then may be
we could solve the mentioned problems! Now,
what is vacuum medium and how to deal with it? To answer the question we have
to be done in three steps. First, making an assumption of the vacuum space medium and proving it. Second, creating a suitable
model and applying to the real world. Finally, using it for solving the
problems and seeing whether it is work or not. So let us start from the first
step; a new conceptual hypothesis.
3) Vacuum mechanics
-- a new conceptual mechanism for all natural phenomena. In physics, when we deal with rigid solids, we use the mechanics
of rigid bodies as the tool. And when dealing with liquids or gases what we
used is fluid mechanics. In the same way, we should use vacuum mechanics i.e.
the mechanism of vacuum medium when dealing with vacuum medium. But
what is vacuum medium and how it relates to all the existing matters? How this
vacuum mechanics could cover the mechanism of all natural phenomena? Before
answering, first we will start with detail of vacuum medium, and then at the
end of this section we will found why and how it is be so!
3.1) Vacuum
medium is the fabric structure of vacuum space. This is the fundamental
hypothesis. Or we could equally say that vacuum space was created using vacuum
medium as the raw material. So there is no such thing which was called as
the conventional empty vacuum space (without anything), or there is
not something like the old familiar aether that filled the empty
vacuum space. Instead there is only vacuum space that coexists with vacuum
medium, and we will call it as vacuum medium space!
Now what really is vacuum medium? Vacuum medium is the geometrical
structural contraction potential energy; the energy that each of its
infinitesimal part holds each other
together by its internal contraction force and forming to be the
physical fabric structure of our space. Note if we interpret that the
existing of vacuum
medium as positive energy and its internal contraction
force as negative energy, then the total energy is zero. So the principle of
conservation of energy is preserved!
Next what is the contraction potential energy (of vacuum medium)?
Traditionally, energy was usually not to be regarded as substance; it is
abstraction and by definition it is the ability to do work. But here, based on
the ontological concept [7], vacuum
medium (energy) is a new kind of substance!
It is an entity of a physical reality. And the most important point is that
this vacuum medium is the
only one primordial substance; the substance
that forming to be everything in our universe. In other word we
may say that the universe is nothing but vacuum medium and its products!
Actually vacuum medium energy is the same thing as what which we called
“gravitational field energy” that was created by ordinary material
mass (near by) that we are familiar. But for vacuum medium, its gravity is
aroused within itself from its own mass (its internal contraction force).
So it acts as the background energy of vacuum medium space, and it is the lowest energy level in the
universe (the energy that just enough to form the structure of empty
universe excluding ordinary matter)!
[Note that when an ordinary material mass was placed in vacuum medium space, it will create the conventional gravitational field around.
But the question is what this conventional gravitational field is and how it
was created? The answer is it is the internal stress in vacuum medium which
was created by the contraction force of the material mass nearby (because
the mass, which we will see latter, is the condensed of vacuum medium).]
In more technical detail,
vacuum medium is a continuous isotopic homogenous medium which have a
peculiar mechanical property. It is very thin in mass density so it is
permeable by all matters almost without
any observed resistance! But it has very large elastic coefficient and
sensitive to shear force (rotational force) while not to compressive or
longitudinal force. The reason is because normally the elastic resistance
against change of volume is larger than that change of relative orientation [8],
especially if the volume is the fabric structure of the whole space of the
universe!
But
how much is the mass density of this vacuum medium? Of course we could
get the answer according to mass – energy conversion
if we know the energy density. Another
possible way is to calculate from the dynamics of vacuum medium itself and which
it was shown in CGTR [16]. And there we have found that the mass density of
vacuum medium energy is 
which is very thin indeed!
By the way, to imagine
how the vacuum medium look likes, it is instructive to compare it with
our breathing air. What similar between air and vacuum medium is that both of
them are transparent. While it seems that air’s mass density is very dilute (
), but we could see from above paragraph
that vacuum medium mass density is much more dilute. This is the reason
why it is very difficult to detect its existence directly.
Anyway, there are two important
different points between air and vacuum medium. First, air construction is
composed of billions of its molecules which are discrete values, while
vacuum medium is an ideal isotopic continuous medium. Second, vacuum medium has
a very large elastic coefficient and sensitive to shear force or
rotational force, while air is sensitive to compressive or longitudinal force.
This is the reason why sound wave in air is a longitudinal wave, while
light wave in vacuum medium is a shear wave!
Finally, we often heard
that vacuum medium should be very rigid for creating such a huge speed c
of light! This idea comes from the concept that sound speed in rigid medium
such as steel which is greater than the non-rigid medium such as air, for
example. But this is not quite right; the better method is to compare the same
kind of medium such as normal air and hydrogen. For air’s mass density
which has sound speed 331m/s, while
hydrogen mass density 
has sound speed 1284m/s. The reason
is because mass density of hydrogen is lighter than the air (assumed both have
the same modulus), so its sound speed is higher than air according to wave
speed formula which equal to square root of modulus over density.
And because vacuum medium’s density is much more dilute than air, so it
is not surprise that light wave speed in vacuum medium must higher than air sound
wave speed!
Experimental verification. To verify the hypothesis, the
crucial point is to prove that vacuum space is not just an empty space without anything;
instead it is equipped with vacuum
medium. Two indirect experiments for proving that there is something
physically existed in vacuum
space (i.e. vacuum medium) will be discussed as
follow.
Figure 1. Two–solenoid experiment.
The first experiment
is a simple one; it is a two-solenoid experiment as show in the diagram
figure1. The concept used in this experiment is an elementary physics; it is
about the magnetic field B generated by a direct current flowing in a
solenoid according to the formula,
… (1). [Where 
is the permeability constant, 
is the feeding current and n in
number of turns.]
When both two nearly identical solenoids are feed with the same amount
(and same polarity) of direct currents as in (a) then the sum of the generated
magnetic field is double. But when the feeding currents are opposite as
in (b) then the sum of the generated magnetic field is zero! Someone
may say that it is what it should be, yes it is, but where is the generated energy
gone? It is not possible to be something like that, because we still feed
the same amount of energy into both solenoids. Is this means that we can
violate the law of conservation of energy? Of course not,
we can not do something like that! The only one sensible explanation is that there is a cancellation of
the opposite phase of internal rotational stress in the vacuum medium. So this means that vacuum
medium is existed, doesn’t it?
Anyway, to make it
easy to visualize how the input energy was used for the cancellation of the opposite
phase (of internal rotational stress) in the vacuum medium work. Let us look at a simpler analogy experiment which was used to demonstrate the interference of
sound waves as show in the diagram figure 2. The experiment was done by
feeding sound waves from loudspeaker into the tube and dividing into two equal
branches, and then they combine again before going out at the output.
Figure 2. Acoustic interference experiment.
If the length of the
two branches is equal, then what we got at the output is the same
level of sound waves as the input. But if the two branches’ length is different
with a halve wavelength of the sound wave, then ideally, the sound level at
the output is zero due to the destructive interference of the waves from
the two branches.(For the real experiment we still got some very low level due
to imperfect of the equipment.) Also we could interpret that this experiment
demonstrates how the input energy was used to cancel internal stress which
occurred in air medium!
The second experiment is a more
practical one; it is involved electromagnetic field energy of VHF radio
system. It is a normal way for sending VHF radio signal to a desired direction.
The system consists of a two-element directional antenna as shown as in
figure 3. Two half-wave dipole antennas are placing side by side with spacing
of one fourth of the radio wavelength apart To operate the antenna system, two
sinusoidal electromagnetic signal currents with opposite phase are fed into
each of the antennas simultaneously. Then the total power density pattern of
the radiated radio waves (calculated from the formula in 3 (b)) was created as
shown in diagram 3 (a). [9], [10].
[Note, actually the total power density
pattern is 3-Dimesion but only 2-Dimension is shown. It is an apple shape
pattern in which the concave part (right hand side) point to the desired
direction]
Next let us do the
experiment, if both antennas are moved close together while the feeding
currents keep fixed. The power density pattern will be decreased, the more
closing of the antennas the more decreasing of power density pattern in (b)
(n=1/4 is biggest, n=1/8 is smaller and n=1/12 is smallest). According to the theory and the formula, when both antennas are
at the same position, the size of the power pattern will reduce to zero. Now
the question is where is the radiation
energy of the radio wave gone? Someone may say that it is obviously a
simple destructive interference phenomenon of waves. Yes, it is, but that will violate
the law of conservation of energy. (We have kept the same input
energy but the output energy is decreased.) The only possible explanation to the
question is that; there is the cancellation of the opposite phase in the
internal stress of vacuum medium.
By the way, we could also make it easy to visualize by using an experiment
analogous to the acoustic wave in fig. 2, but we will use microwaves
instead of acoustic wave. Here the equipment is a square metal tube which was
called “wave guide” together with microwave signal generator and microwave
signal receiver. Then what we will get is the demonstration
of the interference of microwaves in the same way as what was got from the
sound waves. And what interesting here is that it can be an indirect prove for the existence of vacuum
medium!
Figure 3. Radio radiation
patterns of a two half-wave antennas & the formula.
3.2) Electrons are tiny black holes. This is the consequent hypothesis. It was inspired from the concept “matter is the condensed of
energy” and from Einstein’s electron theory [11]. The first
inspiration is quite obvious from the equivalence of mass and energy, and the
important example is the action of an atomic bomb.
According to Einstein’s theory of electron, its concept
is that material masses of electrical
elementary particles (electron or proton) are held together by gravitational forces. Anyway, it
faced with difficulty that ordinary gravitational force is too weak to do the
work. But under our new concept of vacuum mechanics, electron is a tiny black
hole which was formed by gravitational
force of vacuum medium itself. (Unlike a conventional black hole which was
formed by gravitational force of the collapsed of huge matters.) So it needs
not to overcome huge Coulomb repulsive force of the matters.
In summary, Einstein approached
the inquiry into the structure of the material particles based on the
assumption of a material energy-momentum tensor in the present of
gravitational fields together with Maxwell’s energy tensor. Finally,
he had got the desired formula (2) below.
…. (2).
The first term in equation
(2) is the Coulomb repulsive force which is held in equilibrium
by a gravitational force in the second term. Of course, this seems
impossible because Coulomb repulsive force is much stronger than gravitational
force. Anyway, based on our new concept that electron and proton are tiny black
holes, we would found that the problem was easily eliminated!
Now by using the Reissner-Nordstrom
solution, equation (3), together with the concept that electron is a tiny
black hole immerged in the surrounding of vacuum medium, then we would found that
Reissner-Nordstrom solution should be a rational model of electron which
could staying stable. (Actually (3) is the solution of Einstein-Maxwell
equation, which is the spherically symmetric, static, exterior field of a charged
particle. Originally, it was used for considering the gravitation field of
a charged particle and was hoped to be a useful model of electron, but failed!)
…. (3).
[Where the second term
in parenthesis is the gravitation field due to electron mass,
and the third term
is the gravitation field due to electron
electric field.]
According to diagram
(a), it shows an electron sphere with radius 
surrounding
by vacuum medium. On the surface of the sphere, the suction force of electron
black hole was countered by the internal tensile force (stress) in vacuum
medium around, so the total force on the surface of the sphere is zero!
In this situation theterm must equal to the term, or equivalently we may say that the
effect of curved space due to gravity was canceled by the effect due to
electric energy. And then the line element metric will be Minkowski (flat)
space-time there!
Figure 4. Electron
black hole model.
Now according to diagram (b)
which is the graph between the metric
of Reissner-Nordstrom equation, and
the radius r [12], we would found that at point P where
, 
and we could calculate that electron
radius is equal to 
Indeed, we also found that it is the same
order as the classical electron radius, so it give us confidence in the
proposed electron black hole model!
(Someone may
wonder why the black hole does not suck the surrounding vacuum medium. Yes it
does, by creating the internal stress in the surrounding vacuum medium. But the
tiny black hole can not suck the entire vacuum medium into it. Because to
do so, it has to suck the entire universe! (Remember that vacuum medium is the
fabric structure of vacuum space.)
Theoretical verification. Now we will do an indirect prove the hypothesis by using it to
solve the unsolved problems with the energy and mass of an electron (a
point charge particle). And here we will use the method analogous to what which
used by Richard P.
Feynman [13] as follow.
First we will
calculate field energy of an electron. It was supposed that electron has a
simple model, in which all of its charge q is uniformly distributed on the
surface of a sphere of radius a.
Now let’s calculate the charge energy from its electromagnetic field.
When the electron is standing still, the energy per unit volume is proportional
to square of electric field. That is
To get the total
energy, we integrate the energy density over all space. Using the volume
element 4¶r² dr, while the lower limit is a, and the upper limit is ∞. Then
….
.(4)
[where e² =
]
From equation (4), the
calculated electrostatic energy is the energy of the internal stress in
the surrounding vacuum medium which was created by the suction of the existing
tiny black hole. So the “self energy”
of electron (the black hole) is also (½) e²/a,
this because the energy created from a source = energy of
the source. Then the correct
(total) energy of the electron is as (5),
….. (5), 
….. (6).
And electron mass is the sum
of the mass due to the self energy (mechanical mass) plus the mass due
to the created energy (electromagnetic field mass) as in (6)!
Second, to
calculate the field momentum of an electron, we suppose the sphere
of electron (mentioned above) has no mechanical mass. It is moving at a
low uniform velocity v compared with the speed of light. Then we could found the
momentum of the electron is as (7)
………… (7), 
……… (8).
Because the momentum of the field (electromagnetic momentum) is
proportional to v, so the coefficient of v is electromagnetic mass 
of the electron,
is as (8). But if we include the
self energy of electron (½) e²/a, then the total momentum of the moving electron
is twice of (7), and electron mass is also twice of (8). That is as shown in (9).
…… (9),
……. (10).
Now we can see
that in (6) is not the same as
in (4)! The
problem gets worst when we combine equations (4) and (9) together, and what we
got is as in (10). And it is clear that (10) violates the equivalence
principle of energy and mass (U =mc²)! What is wrong? No one knows until now. But here we
will solve the problem by using the concept that electron is a tiny black
hole immerged in vacuum medium space below.
To solve the
problem of the energy in (10), we will refer to the method for finding
energy of the fluid which acts on the immerged moving sphere in “Hydrodynamics”
[14]. And according to the method mentioned, the kinetic energy of the fluid
acting on the sphere is equivalent to one forth of the mass of the fluid
displaced. In our case the addition mass to the inertia mass of electron is
one forth of the mass of the vacuum medium displaced which is also one forth of
the mass of electron; that is (1/4)
, then the correct
energy and energy - mass relation in (7) is 
…. (11) as predicted by
the theory of relativity!
In
conclusion, we have solved the problem in which the equivalence principle
of energy and mass is preserved. And from (4)
and (11) we could get one correct mass of electron with one correct
of its energy that is
. Then we could say that we
have done (indirect) theoretical prove for the hypothesis!
3.3) Origin of matters. From the two previous sections, we have learned that vacuum medium is
the fabric structure of vacuum space, while electron is the condensed
vacuum medium. In the same way as electron, proton could also consider
as another condensed vacuum medium but with a heavier size! Both of them
are the only two elementary particles in the universe. Now we will learn
how matter was created to be a part of our universe, i.e. vacuum medium
universe!
Actually the new concept (that electrons and protons are tiny
black holes) is more rational than the old conventional concept (electron
is a negative charge and a proton is positive charge). For example, it is easy
to explain electrostatic field and magnetic field phenomena. When an electron or a proton are staying
still, under this situation it will attach the surrounding vacuum medium.
And this will create the internal stress in the vacuum medium around, which is
appeared as electrostatic field. But
when it is moving, it will rotate in the direction parallel to the motion’s
axis. So it will create rotational stress in the surrounding vacuum medium
while dragging it along – this is magnetostatic
field!
And to give us some confidence about
the new concept of charges particle are tiny black holes, we will use it to
explain the interaction between charges particle. Conventional concept
that “different type of charge particles attract while the same types repel”
could be explained by the mechanism of vacuum medium. We know that “any size
(weight)” of tiny black hole “attract” each other. But because they also
attract the surrounding vacuum medium, so under certain distance apart, the same
sizes of tiny black hole repel each other, while different size attract. This
is because under such condition the attraction force between the black holes
was affected by the vacuum medium between. So the better concept is “different size of charge
particles attract while the same size repels”. (Please see detail
explanation in CEMT [15].)
Figure 5. Formation process of matters.
Now we will see how
matter was created, when proton and electron come close together,
they will attract each other and forming to be hydrogen atom as shown in
diagram fig.5 (a). But they can not attach together because of the
existing of vacuum medium between! Anyway, if they were forced to attach
together and tearing off the vacuum medium between, then a neutron particle will be created as shown in (b). And the resultant
is the “attach force” between different size particles (which was
dominant after the compressing force had overcome the tensile force of vacuum
medium) was named as “weak force”!
Next if two neutrons and two protons were forced to attach
together, then a nucleus of helium atom will be created as shown in (c).
And the resultant is another “attach force” between two same size
particles (which was dominant after the compressing force had overcome the
tensile force of vacuum medium), and was named as “strong force”!
Finally, when the
nucleus of helium atom was created, it will attract the near by
electrons and forming to be helium atom. This is the initial state of
the process for forming all kind of the matters in our universe by
using two elementary particles i.e. proton and electron!
Up to now, we have seen what the vacuum medium is and its tiny
black holes are. From here on we will find in more detail what the vacuum
mechanics (i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium) is, and how it behaves as
the mechanism for all natural phenomena! And first
we will use it to improve the conventional EMT which has no working mechanism
as point out early.
3.4) Mechanism of gravity. Under the concept that matter was composed with large
amount of “condensed vacuum medium” i.e. tiny black holes, then this is
the reason that matters could attract each other. And this attraction
force used vacuum medium as the transmitting medium (represent by contraction
spring), and this is the mechanism of gravity as shown in the diagram
fig.6 (b). In contrast to the conventional concept of gravity in the diagram
fig.6 (a), we would found that we could not understand why and how gravity
works!
Figure 6. Attraction mechanism between two masses.
4) Improving Maxwell electromagnetic field
theory. Now, we
have two main ingredients which are involved in electromagnetic field, they are
vacuum medium and electron. While electron, i.e. charge particle,
acts as the source of electromagnetic field, vacuum medium is the mechanism for
transporting the field energy. So we are ready to complete Maxwell
electromagnetic field theory by adding an appropriate and understandable mechanical
model to show how it works.
New model of Maxwell
electromagnetic field theory. Armed with
vacuum mechanics, here is a more rational model which was built and explaining
in short summary. Please see detail explanation of this section in article CEMT
[15].
Figure 7. Vacuum medium model of EMT and its derivation.
In the diagram 7 (a) shown, a simple direct current circuit is the proposed model. Stream of electrons (-i) was forced by
potential difference to flow through the conductor with negligible resistance
(for simplicity). Remember that electrons are tiny black holes, so while they
are moving and rotating, they will drag the surrounding vacuum medium. The rotational stress in the vacuum medium
which was created will be appeared as the surrounding magnetic field
B. At the same instantaneous time the rotational stress in the
vacuum medium will propagate along the wire and is appeared as electric
field E!
To derive Maxwell equations from the new model of vacuum medium, we have used the guideline from the concept of “the
quasi-elastic body model of aether” developed in 19PPPPPPPPPPPthPPPPPPPPPPP
century by Professor Arnold Summerfeld [8’]. This is possible because both of them have the same mechanical
property; they are isotopic continuous elastic medium which is sensitive to
rotation but not to compression!
By working out from stress-strain relations in vacuum medium, then what we got is the equations involved and having the same form as
Maxwell equations as shown in diagram fig.6 (b). [Where for vacuum medium,
V =velocity vector, F = angular vector, k = twist modulus and r = mass density, while for electrodynamics, E =
electric vector, B = magnetic vector, = permeability and
= permittivity, j = current density
(or density of the flowing tiny black holes of vacuum medium) and c
= velocity of light.]
In
conclusion, from the proposed mechanical model above we could derive
the same Maxwell equations. So it should be an appropriate
model for Maxwell electromagnetic field theory required! Also we could see that all electromagnetic phenomena are the appearances
of the dynamics action of stress-strain relations in vacuum medium! It is a part of the mechanism of vacuum medium, i.e. vacuum
mechanics, which we have called it as “vacuodynamics”!
Solution to the
problems in Maxwell electromagnetic field theory. As an
example, here we will show how to visualize the radiation process of electromagnetic wave
as follow.
Figure 8. Electromagnetic waves radiation process.
.
According to the
diagram in fig. 8 (a), a half-wave dipole radio antenna is connected to a high frequency radio signal generator.
The flowing up and
down of electron’s stream will create electromagnetic
waves (of electric
field and magnetic field) in
vacuum medium around and then moving away from the antenna as
shown in fig. 8 (b). When we calculate
the total power of radiation field pattern, it is a
donut shape as shown in fig. 8 (c).This is the radiation process of electromagnetic waves!
Finally it is easy to understand the radiation resistance
from the radiation process above. In order to generate electromagnetic waves
radiation, some input power must be used to oscillate vacuum medium which then
create waves around the antenna. So the radiation resistance is due to the
resistive action of vacuum medium. And to find the value of
the radiation resistance of the antenna, we could do by calculated total power
consumed in the circuit, and then divide it by the square of the flowing
current. What we got is the radiation resistance for a half-wave dipole
antenna and is equal to 73.26 ohms.
5) Improving Einstein special theory of relativity. Based on
the concept of absolute vacuum medium reference frame, we
have to reinterpret the conventional relativity principle because it valid
only on the concept of empty vacuum space (which is
existed only in the imagination). New
interpretation is changing from “Physics is equivalent for any inertial reference frame” to be “Physics is equivalent in any frame reference to vacuum
medium space”! And what
we have to do next is to derive the Lorentz transformation under the new
concepts. (Please see detail explanation of this
section in article CSTR [16].)
Derivation for the Lorentz
transformation under the concept that vacuum medium space, which
act as absolute privilege reference frame, is possible by using k-calculus
as shown in the diagram fig.9. And we will see that this new
derivation is simple and understandable, while for the conventional derivation it
is difficult to do and can not understand why it is be so! Another
advantage which we got via
the new concept is “Physical meaning” of Lorentz
transformation which could be understood and explainable
i.e. it is the relative “distance” and “time” measured by using light speed c which propagated via vacuum medium (while Galilean transformation deal with imaginary
infinite light speed via empty vacuum space)!
Figure 9. Lorentz
transformations’ derivation based on vacuum medium space.
Solution to the problems in Einstein special theory of relativity. First let us consider the moving mass which seems
to “increase its intrinsic mass” without any explanation why it is so!
Instead if we accept that the mass is immerged in vacuum medium, then we could
understand that the “increasing of mass” represent the “additional inertial
mass” due to the “inertial resistance of vacuum medium” to
the moving mass! This is analogous to the dragging force act on a moving
car, a flying plane etc. due to the existing of the earth atmosphere.
Next, armed with the concept of vacuum medium space, it is easy
to understand that relativistic concept for mass, momentum and kinetic energy, all is not the real increasing of their
intrinsic quantity. It is just the effect of the dynamic resistance of
vacuum medium in which they are invented to solve the unseen cause of
unexplained experiment problems in relativistic dynamics. So we
may say that “relativistic mechanics is the mechanics in vacuum medium space
i.e. it is vacuum mechanics”!
Finally we have shown that the conventional length contraction of
a moving object is not a real value; it is a relative apparent length
contraction which occurred as seen by a moving observer, so it should be called
as “relative time”! Anyway, for time dilation of a moving clock
which should be a relative time, but because the moving clock’s
mechanism was slow down due to its increased mass, so it is a real effect of
slowing time of the clock, but not a nature time dilation, so it should
be called as “ relativistic time”!
6) Improving Einstein general theory of relativity. Because
GTR was extended from STR by including gravity, so we have to improve the base
concept of GTR in the same way as the new concept used in
STR, i.e. concept of vacuum medium space! So we have to reinterpret
the conventional principle of equivalence
because the principle of equivalence is valid only on the concept of empty vacuum space. So it has to change from “Physics is equivalent for any reference frame” to be “Physics is equivalent reference to vacuum
medium space”! Please see detail of this section in article CGTR [17].
Vacuum medium universe
– a better view of our universe. Vacuum
medium universe is the sea of vacuum medium as the main
part; while all the existing matters i.e. galaxies, stars, dust and
gas cloud etc. (condensed vacuum medium) is the minor part that immerge
in the sea shown in the diagram fig. 6. And what we found in this new
model of the universe is more rational and understandable than the
conventional one. It could solve the problems in
the conventional empty universe. Here is a
short summary of some examples.
(Please be careful that what which was
shown in the diagram is not true scale, it just showing how the overall view of
the universe looks like for us who located at the center!)
Figure 10. Vacuum medium
universe.
Dark
energy problem. As mentioned early in section 2.3, it was
found that our universe is expanding! And according to the calculation using the
conventional (non-ether based) GTR, they found that dark energy is needed to give enough mass density for acceleration
of the expanding of our universe.
Based on the new idea of Vacuum medium universe we could see that actually the dark energy is vacuum medium
which is the main part of the universe’s total energy!
Someone may wonder why
the tiny mass density of vacuum medium having so much accelerating
pressure for expanding of the universe. The answer is because the
universe’s size is very, very huge (compare with galaxy as mentioned early in
the diagram fig.6.), so the total mass of vacuum medium is also very, very
large (compare with the total of galaxies’ mass and other observable mass).
But on the contrary, for the scale of galaxy’s size, the vacuum medium has a
negligible effect on it.
Dark matter problem. Missing mass was found
in all of galaxies’ abnormal rotation, i.e. their orbital rotational
velocities do not obey Newton law of gravity (the velocity should decease
while the distance from the center increases). Instead, the galaxies orbital
rotational velocity is uniform for any distance from their center.
According to the stress
action in very large elastic coefficient of vacuum medium, galaxy’s
rotation creates a huge stress energy which is then makes the galaxy’s
abnormal orbital rotational velocity, as if there is a large halo of matter
around the Milky Way galaxy as shown in the diagram fig.6. So we can conclude
that the large stress energy vacuum medium is acting as what which we
called it as the dark matter, can’t we?
Space-time curvature. To
understand how space-time could be curved and distorted by the gravity,
vacuum medium space-time could be used to explain it. Due to the
non-uniform of vacuum medium energy density which was created by a huge mass
nearby, then the traveling light ray will be curved toward the denser space!
This is a more rational and understandable explanation than the conventional
way as shown in the diagram fig. 11.
To visualize how light
ray path was bending while passing through vacuum medium
space in the diagram 1b, it is easy done by
using an analogy of the bending of light ray path in the earth atmosphere.
Close to the earth surface, air density is denser than the far away air, so
when light ray is passing from a smaller reflection index area (lower air’s
density) to a higher reflection index area (higher air’s density), then it will
bend down to the earth surface.
Figure 11. Light ray path through curve
space-time.
More problems about the conventional empty universe that could be
solved using the new idea of Vacuum medium universe such as curvature of the universe, hypersphere of the
universe, etc. Also we would found that it is easy to
use the concept of vacuum
medium space-time explain how gravity wave could be propagated
via the vibration of vacuum medium space-time. And because it is the same mechanism as light wave, then the
gravity wave speed is also equal to c!
7) Improving quantum mechanical theory. Now to improve QMT, we will use the same concept
of vacuum medium space as was done for improving EMT, STR and GTR mentioned
early. Armed with vacuum mechanics we could complete the mysterious
conventional QMT to a rational and understandable one! Please see detail of
this section in article CQMT [18], here is a short summary.
Figure 12. Matter
wave and particle wave.
Mechanism
of particle wave. It is easy to understand particle wave
such as electron wave, by using method of analogy of the “surface water waves” created by a moving water beetle as
show in the diagram fig. 12 (a). When a beetle is moving, it will disturb surrounding
water and creating a co-moving wave. In the same way the moving electron will
disturb the surrounding vacuum medium and creating a co-moving wave-packet as show in the diagram fig. 12 (b). Note
that the diagram shown is a three dimensions which was cut horizontally in x –
z plane to show only the lower half part.
In short,
beetle wave was classified as linear dispersion of water surface wave, it
involves with group velocity of capillary waves, while electron wave is a rotational transverse
standing wave of vacuum medium. Anyway,
there are two different points between them; first the beetle wave is a
2-dimension wave, while electron wave is a 3-dimension wave. Second, beetle
wave is a vertical transverse of water surface wave, while electron wave is a rotational transverse wave-packet of vacuum
medium!
Now, once we got a physical model of de Broglie (particle) waves, new derivation of de Broglie wave relation based on wave-packet of vacuum medium is
possible. And then it leads us to do a more rational derivation of Schrödinger equation. So the old mysterious quantum mechanics was change
to “quantum
vacuum mechanics”, i.e. quantum
mechanics of vacuum medium which is now could
be understood by anyone!
Figure 13. Wave
collapse interpretation.
Next, based on quantum vacuum
mechanics, it is easy to explain the existing
problems in the conventional theory. Indeed all the problems could be solved
under the new concept, and here is the explanation of one of the most crazy
problem; the well known “wave collapse interpretation”!
According
to conventional interpretation as shown in diagram fig. 13 (a), there is no
explanation how each
electron convert itself into waves, passing through both slits and then the two
part of waves collapse back into a single particle on screen. It is something like the “magic
of electrons! But, armed with the concept that particle wave is the co-moving
wave of vacuum medium, it is easy to visualize and understand how electrons do the magic (as below).
In diagram fig. 13 (b), all the
electron particles moving together with their own created (particle) waves. Some of electrons pass through slit
1, while others pass through slit 2 randomly. While each electron passes
through slit 1 or 2, its co-moving
waves will pass through both slit 1and 2 at the same
time. After passing through both slits, both parts of the split waves will interfere each other while moving toward screen. Because the
constructive interference zone carries most of the energy of waves (the high probability density), then it will guide the co-moving electron
to follow within the zone!
Note, even through that the interference pattern which
occurred on screen come from stream of electrons, but it is not the
interference between two electrons; instead it comes from one single electron which interfere with itself! Of course, one electron can not create interference
pattern, only a large amount of them could do. And this principle is also applied to photon, and which means that each photon will interfere
with itself forming interference pattern!
8) Relativity and
quantum theory could be married now! Here we
will see how to solve the two main points of the inconsistency between
GTR and QMT by using vacuum mechanics, i.e. the mechanism of vacuum
medium as follow.
First, let us consider
about the different amount of the existing of energy in vacuum space,
between both theories. For GTR, vacuum space is an empty vacuum space without
any energy, while QMT vacuum space is full with virtual particles ’sea, i.e.
infinite vacuum energy. Armed with the new concept of vacuum medium space,
we will show that both theories have the same amount of energy in vacuum
space, i.e. vacuum
medium energy!
Actually we have seen
that vacuum medium energy which is formed to be the fabric structure of our
universe is more rational than empty vacuum space or infinite vacuum energy
space. The reason is because it serves as the physical mechanisms for
both theories in the same one world! The only difference is that, while
GTR was responsible for the macro world, QMT was responsible for the micro
world. That is vacuum medium (energy) provides the gravity mechanism for
GTR, and at the same time it also provides the mechanism for quantum phenomena
in QMT such as particle wave.
Next, it was misunderstood that the concept of quantized energy in quantum mechanics is the same idea as something in classical
mechanics such as the mechanical oscillation system of clock spring and pendulum. The
reason comes from misinterpretation
of Planck idea about the concept of atomic oscillator, which was thought that it is a normal continuous oscillator but generating quantized energy instead of a continuous energy. Actually,
this atomic oscillator is not the same thing as a normal oscillator in
classical mechanics; it is an impulse oscillator!
It is easy to
visualize the difference between a short
portion of wave train (wave-packet
or discrete amount) and a
continuous wave train which occurred in water wave. By applying a short
duration of the disturbance source
such as dropping a stone in water then wave-packet of water could be created,
while a continuous wave train could be generated by dipping a continuous vibrating fork in water!
Analogously for electromagnetic waves, wave-packet of light (photon) is a short portion of wave train of
electromagnetic wave, while radio wave which is man-made electromagnetic wave is a continuous wave. The reason is because radio wave was created from a
continuous varying current source (please see detail in CEMT [15]).
By the way, normally when talking about an oscillator both in classical mechanics or
electromagnetic oscillating system, we usually mean a continuous oscillator. And in our daily experience we could see both
types of oscillator as mentioned in
the early paragraph, but thing is different in atomic ream in which only the impulse oscillator is possible!
In
conclusion, because of our ignorance about mechanism of Planck’s radiation energy, so we think that the
concept of quantized energy is also
true for classical mechanics. Now based on vacuum mechanics concept, then we
found that actually it was limited
within quantum ream and not for the classical one. So we can conclude that there is no
contradiction about the quantity of energy between GTR and QMT!
9) Appearance of the
theory of everything. Up to now we have seen
some clues of TOE, i.e. the unifying of the four fundamental forces of the
nature; gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak force and strong force.
Here is the summary.
Based on the new
concept of vacuum medium space, i.e. the vacuum space was created from
vacuum medium. And the intrinsic
property of vacuum medium is that each of its infinisimal part attracts each
other by its own contraction force and forming to be the fabric structure
of our universe. So we could say that gravity is the property of
vacuum medium. Together with the concept that electron and proton are tiny
black holes of condensed vacuum medium, which forming to be the basic unit of
matter, i.e. hydrogen atom and helium atom. And because matter is composed of
billion of atoms, then gravity is also the property of matter!
From the concept that electron
and proton are tiny black holes of condensed vacuum medium, it is not
surprise that they must attract each other. This attractive force is the
appearance of the familiar force i.e. electromagnetic force (Coulomb
electric force)! Anyway, there is a more complicate situation about this force
i.e. both attraction force and repulsion force are involved. But this situation
could be explained that it arises from the net result force between black
hole force and internal stress of the vacuum medium in between. So this
will change the conventional concept of
“different type of charge particles attract while the
same types repel” to a
better understandable concept of “different size of charge
particles attract while the same sizes repel”!
The next, is the third
force, i.e. weak force which is the attach force occurred between
proton and electron in a neutron. Actually a proton and an electron attract
each other in a hydrogen atom, but if it was forced to attach to each other
then a neutron is formed. So the additional force used to overcome the internal
stress of the vacuum medium in between, and make it possible to attach together
is the mentioned weak force!
The last, is the
fourth force i.e. strong force which is the attach force between two
protons and two neutrons in helium atom. Normally two protons attract each other when they close together
for a certain distance because they are black holes. But when they are closer
more than the previous mentioned distance then they will repel each other
because of the internal stress of the vacuum medium in between. So to make them
attach together, an external force was required, and the mentioned force
is strong force!
Finally, we could
notice that all the four forces are the consequence of the mechanism of vacuum
medium, i.e. vacuum mechanics. So we could say that we have unified the four
basic forces of nature! Anyway, some one may doubt why TOE which unifies
the four forces was called as the theory of everything, why it is not
include matter or how matter is connected with the four forces? The answer
may be because physicists think that matter comes from force or matter is
force. Armed with vacuum mechanics we would found that the answer is obvious,
i.e. matter is a bulge of condensed vacuum medium, so it is also the same one
of the mechanism of vacuum medium. This should be the complete theory of
everything!
10) Conclusion &
discussion. Up to now, we
have learnt how to improve the four main conventional modern physics theories i.e. EMT, STR, GTR and QMT by adding the new
concept of vacuum mechanics (i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium). We have shown how suitable and
understandable models were built, what their advantages are, how they could solve
the existing problems and finally pave the way to TOE! Here are some additional
comments;
a) Actually,
what we have done is just “put vacuum mechanics into physics theories”. We give the mechanism of vacuum medium
for electromagnetic phenomena in CEMT, we show that relativistic effects was
due to the mechanism of vacuum medium in CSTR, we change the magic gravity to a physical one by adding the mechanism
of vacuum medium in CGTR, and finally we turn the ghost field of particle wave to a realistic wave
of vacuum medium in CQMT. All of these natural phenomena are the appearances of the mechanism
of vacuum medium, i.e. vacuum mechanics – A new approach to the theory of
everything!
b)
Nowadays, the hottest issue in scientific community is about Large Hadrons
Collider Project for finding Higgs particle by using standard model of
particle physics theory. Anyway,
for someone who familiar with the theory would found that the theory weak point
is not different from the four main theories we talked about, but even worse! Beside its successful in prediction about any
(non-gravitational) process in the universe, the standard
model was criticized as an extraordinary ad hoc and ugly theory
that it was clearly nonsense.
For the author
opinion, we could also improve the
theory by using our new concept vacuum mechanics in the
same way as we have done with the four main theories. What we will get is a
complete theory which could explain how it works beside its successful
in prediction!
c) Let us talk a
little about Higgs particle which was praised as god
particle! And this particle was told to be created from the condensed of Higgs
field, in which it was designed to be something that give mass to all the
existing particles via the process called Higgs mechanism.
Anyway, the problem is that we do not know what the Higgs field
is; it was told that it is something like the old aether which pervade in
vacuum space. Armed with the concept of
vacuum medium space, it is not difficult to see that actually the
mentioned Higgs field is the same thing
as our vacuum medium
d) Lastly, we could
see that what was written in this paper is a short one, and it is not fully
mathematical rigor. What we have done is just enough to give the new idea to
the readers with some confidences. So what was left here should be the work
of people who are involved in the matter to complete it for the virtue of academic merit and the progression of our world’s
knowledge!
11) References.
(Precaution; Several text books with different
authors were used as the reference and each author used different pattern and
different notation for the same formula. Here in this paper, the author has
made some change of the original pattern and notation for the readers
convenient, so please be careful!)
[1] D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and K. Krane, “Physics” Vol. 2 Extended
Version Fourth Edition, p. 1191-1192.
[2] Stephen Hawking, “Hawking muses on
ultimate theory of the universe” in MIT News, January 23 2003.
[3] James Blake Westgard, “Electrodynamics: A Concise Introduction”,
p.87-95.
[4] Constantine A. Balanis “Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design”,
p.7-11.
[5] Oleg D. Jefimenko, “Causality Electromagnetic Induction and
Gravitation” Second Edition, p. 13-16.
[6]
Richard P. Feynman, “The Character of Physical Law”, p.129. For
[6’] p.145.
[7]
Tian Yu Cua, “Conceptual Development of 20Pth Century Field
Theories”, p. 10-14.
[8]
[9]
John D. Ryder, “Network, Lines and Fields” Second Edition, p. 553-555.
[10]
Editors: Richard C Johnson, Henry Jasik, “Antenna Applications Reference Guide”,
p. 2-13 to 2-15.
[11]
W. Pauli, “Theory of Relativity”, p. 202-205.
[12]
Ray d’Inverno “Introducing Einstein’s Relativity” Reprinted 1993 p. 239-243.
[13]
Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leightton and M. Sands, “The Feynman Lectures on
Physics” Vol. 2,
p.28-1 to 28-4.
[14]
Sir Horace Lamb, “Hydrodynamics”, p. 124.
[15] Nimit Theeraleekul, “”Completed
Maxwell electromagnetic field theory (CEMT)”, now presenting in
[16] Nimit Theeraleekul, “”Completed
Einstein special theory of relativity (CSTR)”, now presenting in
[17] Nimit Theeraleekul, “”Completed
Einstein general theory of relativity (CGTR)”, now presenting in
[18] Nimit Theeraleekul, “”Completed
quantum mechanical theory” (CQMT), now presenting in
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